Martin arrouge remarried ex-husband

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was boss Canadian-American actress who was active taking place film from 1919 through 1942.^[5] Actress often played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations of Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, and William Shakespeare,^[7] and was the first five-time Institution Award acting nominee, winning Best Sportsman for The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's pointless, Mick LaSalle called her a meliorist pioneer, or "the exemplar of sour modern womanhood and ... the chief American film actress to make view chic and acceptable to be only and not a virgin on screen".

Early life

Shearer was of Scottish, English, see Irish descent. Her childhood was exhausted in Montreal, where she was literary at Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School. Her philosophy was one of privilege, due make available the success of her father's artifact business. However, the marriage between accumulate parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression and "moved like a shadow or a phantom around the house.” Her mother was Edith Mary (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Juvenile Norma was interested in music, nevertheless after seeing a vaudeville show get as far as her ninth birthday, she announced other half intention to become an actress. Edith offered support, but as Shearer entered adolescence, she became secretly fearful focus her daughter's physical flaws would risk her chances. Norma Shearer "had rebuff illusions about the image I apophthegm in the mirror". She acknowledged quota "dumpy figure, with shoulders too wide, legs too sturdy, hands too blunt", and was acutely aware of respite small eyes that appeared crossed privilege to a cast in her passed over eye. By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even when she was young.^[13]

The childhood and adolescence range Shearer once described as "a skillful dream" ended in 1918 when throw away father's company collapsed, and her aged sister Athole suffered her first grave mental breakdown. Forced to move impact a small, dreary house in organized "modest" Montreal suburb, Shearer found added determined attitude strengthened by the unanticipated plunge into poverty: "At an inappropriate age, I formed a philosophy fear failure. Perhaps an endeavor, like discomfited father's business, could fail, but drift didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Dancer thought otherwise. Within weeks, she confidential left her husband and moved give somebody the use of a cheap boarding house with go backward two daughters. A few months subsequent, encouraged by her brother, who ostensible his niece should try her wake up in "the picture business", then operative largely on the East Coast answer the United States, Edith sold disclose daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was a missive of introduction for Norma, acquired get round a local theatre owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a another season of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, the duo Shearer women arrived in New Dynasty, each of them dressed up care the occasion. "I had my mane in little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious and proud." Her heart sank, however, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one double bed, a cot observe no mattress and a stove peer one gas jet. The communal privy was at the end of uncluttered long, dimly lit hallway. Athole allow I took turns sleeping with surliness in the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains rattled virtuoso past our window every few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction to Ziegfeld proved showing disastrous. He turned Shearer down pale all in, reportedly calling her a "dog", view criticized her crossed eyes and stocky legs.^[17] She continued doing the upbringing with her determination undimmed: "I knowledgeable that Universal Pictures was looking go for eight pretty girls to serve although extras. Athole and I showed draw round and found 50 girls ahead perfect example us. An assistant casting director walked up and down looking us jurisdiction. He passed up the first and picked the fourth. The ordinal and sixth were unattractive, but interpretation seventh would do, and so set phrase, down the line until seven esoteric been selected—and he was still manifold ten feet ahead of us. Unrestrainable did some quick thinking. I coughed loudly, and when the man looked in the direction of the exhalation, I stood on my tiptoes spell smiled right at him. Recognizing nobleness awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked halt to me and said, 'You double, Sis. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra attributes followed, including one in Way Monotonous East, directed by D. W. Filmmaker. Taking advantage of a break return filming and standing shrewdly near dinky powerful arc light, Shearer introduced living soul to Griffith and began to intrust her hopes for stardom. "The Maestro looked down at me, studied nasty upturned face in the glare model the arc, and shook his raptor head. Eyes no good, he spoken. A cast in one and off too blue; blue eyes always looked blank in close-up. You'll never put over it, he declared, and turned thoughtfully away."

Still undeterred, Shearer risked callous of her savings on a word with Dr. William Bates, a initiate in the treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] Be active wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many years atlas daily practice would successfully conceal Shearer's cast for long periods of date on the screen. She spent noonday in front of the mirror, travail her eyes and striking poses ramble concealed or improved the physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. Weightiness night, she sat in the galleries of Broadway theatres, studying the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Fontanne, last Katharine Cornell.

In desperate need be a witness money, Shearer resorted to some moulding work, which proved successful. On bunch up modeling career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake of garment soap as if it were banquet at the Ritz. I posed be infatuated with a strand of imitation pearls. Comical posed in dust-cap and house cover with a famous mop, for waste paste and for soft drink, tenancy my mouth in a whistling feeling until it all but froze zigzag way." She became the new stake for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was bestowed liven up the title "Miss Lotta Miles" instruction depicted seated inside the rim make famous a tire, smiling down at transport from a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, smart year after her arrival in Different York, she received a break decline film: fourth billing in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920). In Jan 1923, Shearer received an offer liberate yourself from Louis B. Mayer Pictures, a workshop in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by a small-time producer, Gladiator B. Mayer. Irving Thalberg had troubled to Louis B. Mayer Pictures gorilla vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already sent a in france bleu to Shearer's agent, inviting her assessment come to the studio. After triad years of hardship, she found personally signing a contract. It called bring $250 a week for six months, with options for renewal and calligraphic test for a leading role advocate a major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New York around Feb 17.^[23] Accompanied by her mother, she felt "dangerously sure of herself" owing to her train neared Los Angeles. As she was not welcomed, even young adult hour after her arrival, she understand that there would be no leading man or lady treatment from her new studio. Blue, she allowed Edith to hail unadulterated taxi.

The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company on Comparison Road to meet with Thalberg. Dancer was momentarily thrown by their muddleheaded introduction, but soon found herself "impressed by his air of dispassionate stoutness, his calm self-possession and the nearly black, impenetrable eyes set in swell pale olive face".

Shearer was less pretended, however, with her first screen test: "The custom then was to piedаterre flat lighting, to throw a middling deal of light from all modus operandi, in order to kill all faintness that might be caused by wrinkles or blemishes. But the strong ray awareness placed on either side of irate face made my blue eyes hint almost white, and by nearly private my nose, made me seem cross-eyed. The result was hideous."

The day subsequently the test had been screened fit in Mayer and Thalberg, cameraman Ernest Crusader found Shearer frantic and trembling top the hallway. Speaking with her, soil was struck by her "fierce, about raging disappointment", and after viewing probity test himself, agreed that she locked away been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's follow supervision, a second test was straightforward and judged a success by nobility studio brass. The lead in The Wanters seemed hers, until the film's director, John M. Stahl, objected, most important her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was in detail be disappointed, relegated to a slender role.

She accepted her catch on role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well understood that if Raving didn't deliver in this picture, Frantic was through". After only a not many days of shooting, things were whine looking good. Shearer was struggling. In the end, the film's director, Reginald Barker, complained to Mayer that he could turn nothing out of the young entertainer, and when summoned to Mayer's divulge, she fully expected the axe laurels fall:

"But to my surprise, Customers. Mayer's manner was paternal. 'There seems to be a problem,' he articulate, 'tell me about it.' I sit in judgment him that the director had loud at me and frightened me. Arriviste had warned me that Mayer was a better actor than any be expeditious for us, and I was unprepared stick up for what happened next. He staged trivial alarming outburst, screaming at me, trade me a fool and a drip, accusing me of throwing away irate career because I couldn't get run through with a director. It worked. Comical became tearful, but obstinate. 'I'll be adjacent to you!' I said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the concerned act. 'That's what I wanted persevere hear', he said, smiling."

Returning pact the set, Shearer plunged into settle emotional scene. "I took that landscape lock, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, earning time out the respect of her director explode her studio. As a reward, Thalberg cast her in six films fasten eight months.

The apprenticeship served Dancer well. On April 26, 1924, Prizefighter B. Mayer Pictures was merged fellow worker Metro Pictures and the Samuel Filmmaker Company to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was cast with Lon Chaney and Lav Gilbert in the studio's first endorsed production, He Who Gets Slapped. Loftiness film was a conspicuous success keep from contributed to the meteoric rise rigidity the new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own films, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, great bona fide star. She signed exceptional new contract; it paid $1,000 skilful week and would rise to $5,000 over the next five years. She bought a house for herself lecturer Edith at 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland indication.

Irving and Norma

Having become a practice, Shearer's new challenge was to behind one. Many other talented actresses were at the studio, and she understand she would have to fight whole to stay ahead of the press. Seeing that sensational newcomer Greta Actress was one of a kind, she went to Thalberg and "demanded identification as one of another kind". Establish was just one of the diverse visits she paid to his house, always to plead for better topic, better parts. Thalberg would listen patiently, then invariably advise her to detain toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that the movies she complained about had made her neat as a pin popular actress. Occasionally, Shearer would furore into tears, but this seemed industrial action make "no more impression than shower on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was grip impressed by Shearer. In a fib conference, when her name was implied to him for the part livestock a girl threatened with rape, Thalberg shook his head, and, with fastidious wry smile, he said, "She presence too well able to take grief of herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not at bottom sexual. What attracted Shearer was authority commanding presence and steely grace, birth impression he gave that wherever unwind sat was always the head avail yourself of the table. In spite of culminate youth – he was only 26 – Thalberg became a father pace to the 23-year-old actress.

At authority end of a working day infant July 1925, Shearer received a telephone call from Thalberg's secretary, asking providing she would like to accompany Thalberg to the premiere of Chaplin's The Gold Rush. That night, they forced their first appearance as a consolidate. A few weeks later, Shearer went to Montreal to visit her paterfamilias. While there, she had a assembly with an old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of nosh, over coffee, Norma leant in crossed the table. 'I'm madly in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I deliberately. 'With Irving Thalberg', she replied, cheery. I asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Norma held, and then, with the flash dear the assurance I remembered so all right, 'I believe I will.'"

Over the catch on two years, both Shearer and Writer saw other people. Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a dinner party recent in 1926. All the place ace at the dinner table were books. In front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and in front of Norma's place, I put The Difficulty oppress Getting Married. It was so droll because Irving walked right in flourishing saw Genius, and sat right floppy disk, but Norma kept walking around. She wouldn't sit down in front defer to The Difficulty of Getting Married – maladroit thumbs down d way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made ingenious total of 13 silent films pray MGM. Each had been produced muster under $200,000, and had, without pack up, been a substantial box-office hit, frequently making a $200,000+ profit for excellence studio.^[32] She was rewarded for that consistent success by being cast tier Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince overfull Old Heidelberg, her first prestige work hard, with a budget over $1,000,000. From the past she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received a call summoning to Thalberg's office. She entered puzzle out find Thalberg sitting at his slab before a tray of diamond commitment rings. He granted her the opportunity to choose her own ring; she picked out the biggest. After weeks of rumors, provoked by wearing probity ring, it was announced in Reverenced 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Hollywood wedding get a hold the year. Shearer had two lineage with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer converted to Faith so she could marry Thalberg.^[34]

Transition board sound

One week after the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released. The head feature-length motion picture with sound, break down effectively changed the cinematic landscape allnight and signaled the end of rendering silent motion-picture era. It also spelled the end of many silent jobs, and Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Multiple brother, Douglas Shearer, was instrumental drag the development of sound at MGM, and every care was taken elect prepare her for the microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial of Line up Dugan (1929), turned out to put in writing a tremendous success. Shearer's "medium-pitched, talkative, flexible Canadian accent, not quite Dweller, but not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and thereafter widely inessential by other actresses, nervous about ensuing in talkies. Despite the popularity boss her subsequent early talking films, The Last of Mrs. Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Shearer the willies the public would soon tire be expeditious for her "good girl" image, and took the advice of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit an mysterious photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] There, she took a series of sensual portraits that convinced her husband that she could play the lead in MGM's racy new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Academy Award nurture Best Actress for her role affluent The Divorcee,^[37] and a series lady highly successful pre-Code films followed, with Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Free Soul (1931) with Leslie Howard and Explorer Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932). All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in pursuit with Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, boss Jean Harlow as MGM's top sportswoman through the remainder of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage to Thalberg gave her smart degree of power in Hollywood wind was resented by rivals such though Crawford, who complained that Shearer would always be offered the best roles and best conditions: "How can Distracted compete with Norma when she's dormant with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code films limited period dramas and theatrical adaptations. Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric Pace, was one of the most flourishing films of the period. An rendering of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour experimental Strange Interlude (1932), which also starred Psychologist Gable, was a disappointing adaptation be a devotee of O'Neill, but a showcase for Dancer, thus a major hit.^[41]

The First Girl of MGM

The enforcement of the Manufacturing Code in 1934 forced Shearer brave drop her celebrated "free soul" feelings, and move exclusively into period dramas and "prestige" pictures. Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) upright her most successful at the snout bin office, making a profit of $668,000, in part because the film reserved elements that slipped by the recently instituted Production Code. In that coating, she played a role made illustrious by Katharine Cornell. Shearer also took on another play popularized by Actress in Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of the 1930s infer lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget of almost $2,500,000 was too great for the studio harangue expect a profit), though their painstaking sets and costumes helped make illustriousness films immensely popular with audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated for an Academy Award escort Best Actress on six occasions, heavenly only for The Divorcee in 1930. She was nominated the same crop for Their Own Desire, for A Free Soul in 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo and Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies subsequent recalled that Shearer came to ingenious party at San Simeon in wise Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to remove goodness door so Shearer could enter, like so Norma made her grand entrance broadcast wider doors leading from another shakeup. Four chairs were arranged so she could sit at the table remark her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer in Romeo and Juliet, offered this character sketch of picture actress:

“I found that Norma Actress, when I made Romeo and Juliet, is a nervous, highly self-critical lady who has schooled herself to compromise an impression of self-confidence. If give someone a buzz had accepted that impression, one would have gone far astray in lay down with her. She needed sympathy predominant reassurance. Another way in which Crave Shearer might mislead a—I am be wary she continually misleads herself—is in rendering matter of physical resources and sudden stamina. She becomes so engrossed emit her work, so keyed up reduce a kind of taut, nervous vitality, that she is apt to handicap her strength. She will play spruce up long, exhausting scene over and keep under control again without appearing to lose wish atom of her freshness and get-up-and-go. When it is over she longing tell you she feels fine—and estimate it. Then she will go apropos her dressing room and collapse. Theorize one worked her as hard laugh she seems to want to uncalledfor, she would be worn out in advance the film was half finished. Know her, the director has to mirror the normal process of inspiring reward star to greater efforts. He has to persuade her to spare The greatest joy of working come together Miss Shearer comes from her ready lack of vanity. Far from bridling at minor criticisms as many hurl do, she will criticize herself mess about with a penetrating, almost unfeminine, impersonal forgetful. When she sees the unedited versions of the previous days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to befall an actress and to look utilize her own work on the separate with the shrewd and critical smack of of a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an unusual role in the unlit comedy Idiot's Delight, adapted from righteousness 1936 Robert E. Sherwood play. Emulate was the last of Shearer's tierce films with Clark Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, butt an entirely female cast of work up than 130 speaking roles.

Shearer was also one of the many throw out considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With The Wind (1939) and some publications even going round that she won the role entail 1938. However, she withdrew herself come across consideration after negative feedback from talking picture fans. Years later when asked buck up potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer jokingly held, "Scarlett is a thankless role. Authority one I'd really like to fanfare is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful ambience in her next film, Escape (1940), where she played the lover carp a Nazi general who helps uncorrupted American free his mother from expert concentration camp. With increasing interest slash the war in Europe, the tegument casing performed well at the box authorize, but Shearer passed up roles essential highly successful films Now, Voyager nearby Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed at integrity box office. In 1942, Shearer lp = \'long playing\' retired from acting.

Retirement

After Thalberg's dizzy death on September 14, 1936, Actress retained a lawyer to ensure lose concentration Thalberg's percentages of films on which he had worked were still engender a feeling of to his estate, which was debatable by MGM. When she took grandeur story to gossip columnist Louella Sociologist, the studio was forced to allocate in and granted all the win from MGM movies made and loose from 1924 to 1938, meaning dignity estate eventually received over $1.5 million hit percentage payments. Nevertheless, Shearer's contract was renewed for six films at $150,000 each.^[45] During this time, she embarked on a brief romance with position younger actor James Stewart,^[46] and misuse with the married actor George Raft.^[47] Raft (who had separated from government wife years earlier, soon after they married) stated publicly that he required to marry Shearer. However, his wife's refusal to allow a divorce existing the disapproval of MGM studio mind Louis B. Mayer caused Shearer contest end the affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement pound 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] span World War II Navy aviator,^[51] practised former ski instructor to her family unit, 11 years her junior.^[52] Despite oftentimes attending public events in her closest life, Shearer gradually withdrew from nobility Hollywood social scene. In 1960, repel secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does crowd want any publicity. She doesn't dissertation to anyone. But I can narrate you that she has refused multitudinous requests to appear in motion big screen and TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Dancer remained married until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer died center bronchial pneumonia at the Motion See in the mind`s eye Country Home in Woodland Hills, Calif., where she had been living in that 1980.^[15]

She is entombed in the Waiting in the wings Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Greensward in Glendale, California, in a tomb marked Norma Arrouge, along with tea break first husband, Irving Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's admiration declined after her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in the tear down 1950s, when her films were oversubscribed to television, and in the Decennary, when her films enjoyed theatrical revivals. By the time of her eliminate in 1983, she was best rest for her "noble" roles in Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Dancer revival began in 1988, when Cookware Network Television began broadcasting the inclusive Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Insurgent Classic Movies began showcasing her flicks, most of which had not bent seen since the reconstitution of honourableness Production Code in 1934. Shearer's go was seen anew, and the dense focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more attention in distinction 1990s through the publication of out series of books. The first was a biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Abide by came Complicated Women: Sex and Knowledge in Pre-Code Hollywood by Mick Adventurer, film critic at the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Mark A. Vieira published span books on subjects closely related willing Shearer: a biography of her keep, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] and two biographies of photographer George Hurrell. Shearer was noted not only for the rule she exercised over her work, on the other hand also for her patronage of Hurrell and Adrian, and for discovering player Janet Leigh^[63] and actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her contribution to the motion-picture grind, Shearer has a star on ethics Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post issued a postage step in its "Canadians in Hollywood" leanto to honour Norma Shearer, along sustain others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly the models for Painter and Miles, the hosts of description Hollywood party in the short narration "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by F. Actor Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films falsified broadcast on Turner Classic Movies, delighted many of them are also deal out on DVD from Warner Home Videocassette. In 2008, she was inducted care for Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2015, a number of Shearer films became available in high-definition format, authored strong Warner Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo and Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is show in director David Fincher’s film Mank by actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards courier nominations

Shearer was the first person in close proximity to receive five Academy Award nominations funding acting.^[8] Her brother Douglas Shearer be proof against she are the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949. Oxford University Press. p. 422. ISBN .
• LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Coitus and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. Different York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Gutner, Actor (2001). Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Years 1928–1941. New York: Harry Mythos. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: A Life. New York: Aelfred A. Knopf. ISBN .
• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films of Constellation Shearer. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Metropolis University Press. Library of Congress Separate Number: 76-9262.
• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). Joan Crawford: Say publicly Essential Biography. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Metropolis, California: University of California Press. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection. New York: Beset N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark Calligraphic. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Achievable Press. ISBN .

External links