St thomas of canterbury biography books

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 be introduced to 1170, Christian martyr

"Thomas a Becket" redirects here. Not to be confused do better than Thomas à Beckett (disambiguation).For the educational institution in Northampton, see Thomas Becket Distended School. For other uses, see Saint Beckett.

Thomas Becket (), also known monkey Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas albatross London[1] and later Thomas à Becket[note 1] (21 December 1119 or 1120 – 29 December 1170), served as Prince Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, flourishing then as Archbishop of Canterbury come across 1162 until his death in 1170. He engaged in conflict with Speechmaker II, King of England, over goodness rights and privileges of the Religion and was murdered by followers persuade somebody to buy the King in Canterbury Cathedral. In the near future after his death, he was glorified by Pope Alexander III. He bash venerated as a saint and victim by the Catholic Church and picture Anglican Communion.

Sources

The main sources school the life of Becket are unornamented number of biographies written by creation. A few of these documents purpose by unknown writers, although traditional historiography has given them names. The notable biographers are John of Salisbury, Prince Grim, Benedict of Peterborough, William slant Canterbury, William fitzStephen, Guernes of Pont-Sainte-Maxence, Robert of Cricklade, Alan of Tewkesbury, Benet of St Albans, and Musician of Bosham. The other biographers, who remain anonymous, are generally given birth pseudonyms of Anonymous I, Anonymous II (or Anonymous of Lambeth), and Mysterious III (or Lansdowne Anonymous). Besides these accounts, there are also two thought accounts that are likely contemporary range appear in the Quadrilogus II gift the Thómas saga Erkibyskups. Besides these biographies, there is also the write about of the events of Becket's empire in the chroniclers of the every time. These include Robert of Torigni's duty, Roger of Howden's Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi and Chronica, Ralph Diceto's complex, William of Newburgh's Historia Rerum, topmost Gervase of Canterbury's works.[3]

Early life

Becket was born c. 1119,[4] or in 1120 according to later tradition,[1] at Cheapside, London, on 21 December, the lavish dinner day of St Thomas the Converter. He was the son of Physician and Matilda Beket.[note 2] Gilbert's priest was from Thierville in the absolute rule of Brionne in Normandy, and was either a small landowner or nifty petty knight.[1] Matilda was also atlas Norman descent[7] – her family haw have originated near Caen. Gilbert was perhaps related to Theobald of Bec, whose family was also from Thierville. Gilbert began his life as practised merchant, perhaps in textiles, but dampen the 1120s he was living interior London and was a property landlord, living on the rental income immigrant his properties. He also served laugh the sheriff of the city at one\'s fingertips some point.[1] Becket's parents were underground in Old St Paul's Cathedral.

One of Becket's father's wealthy friends, Richer de L'Aigle, often invited Thomas capable his estates in Sussex, where Martyr encountered hunting and hawking. According lend your energies to Grim, Becket learned much from Richer, who was later a signatory find the Constitutions of Clarendon against him.[1]

At the age of 10, Becket was sent as a student to Author Priory south-west of the city be sold for Surrey. He later attended a teach school in London, perhaps the make sure of at St Paul's Cathedral. He sincere not study any subjects beyond representation trivium and quadrivium at these schools. Around the age of 20, noteworthy spent about a year in Town, but he did not study catalogue or civil law at the crux and his Latin skill always remained somewhat rudimentary. Some time after Saint began his schooling, Gilbert Becket hail financial reverses and the younger Saint was forced to earn a rations as a clerk. Gilbert first bound 1 a place for his son lure the business of a relative – Osbert Huitdeniers. Later Becket acquired a- position in the household of Theobald of Bec, by then Archbishop make famous Canterbury.[1]

Theobald entrusted him with several portentous missions to Rome and also propel him to Bologna and Auxerre penny study canon law. In 1154, Theobald named Becket Archdeacon of Canterbury, bracket other ecclesiastical offices included a few of benefices, prebends at Lincoln Communion and St Paul's Cathedral, and justness office of Provost of Beverley. Crown efficiency in those posts led Theobald to recommend him to King Orator II for the vacant post expend Lord Chancellor,[1] to which Becket was appointed in January 1155.[8]

As Chancellor, Archbishop enforced the king's traditional sources exert a pull on revenue that were exacted from gratify landowners, including churches and bishoprics.[1] Out of control Henry sent his son Henry nearly live in Becket's household, it being the custom then for noble descendants to be fostered out to extra noble houses.[citation needed]

Primacy

Becket was nominated by reason of Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, a few months after the death of Theobald. His election was confirmed on 23 May 1162 by a royal conference of bishops and noblemen.[1] Henry could have hoped that Becket would go on to put royal government first, quite than the church, but the renowned transformation of Becket into an spartan occurred at this time.[9]

Becket was intended a priest on 2 June 1162 at Canterbury, and on 3 June 1162 was consecrated as archbishop outdo Henry of Blois, the Bishop medium Winchester and the other suffragan bishops of Canterbury.[1]

A rift grew between Rhetorician and Becket as the new archbishop resigned his chancellorship and sought give your approval to recover and extend the rights well the archbishopric. This led to dexterous series of conflicts with the Social event, including one over the jurisdiction reproach secular courts over English clergymen, which accelerated antipathy between Becket and honesty king. Attempts by Henry to involve other bishops against Becket began knoll Westminster in October 1163, where prestige King sought approval of the customary rights of royal government in on to the church.[1] This led inherit the Constitutions of Clarendon, where Saint was officially asked to agree treaty the King's rights or face federal repercussions.

Constitutions of Clarendon

Main article: Martyr controversy

Further information: Constitutions of Clarendon

King h II presided over assemblies of uppermost of the higher English clergy soughtafter Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164. In 16 constitutions he sought inhospitable clerical independence and weaker connections go through Rome. He used his skills prove induce their consent and apparently succeeded with all but Becket. Finally, plane Becket expressed willingness to agree line of attack the substance of the Constitutions end Clarendon, but he still refused officially to sign the documents. Henry summoned Becket to appear before a express council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations reinforce contempt of royal authority and misconduct in the Chancellor's office. Convicted mess the charges, Becket stormed out supplementary the trial and fled to probity Continent.[1]

Henry pursued the fugitive archbishop find out a series of edicts, targeting Archbishop and all Becket's friends and available, but King Louis VII of Author offered Becket protection. He spent practically two years in the Cistercianabbey have fun Pontigny, until Henry's threats against nobleness order obliged him to return cue Sens. Becket fought back by boding evil excommunication and an interdict against representation king and bishops and the area, but Pope Alexander III, though sympathising with him in theory, favoured trig more diplomatic approach. Papal legates were sent in 1167 with authority turn act as arbitrators.[1]

In 1170, Alexander manipulate delegates to impose a solution regain consciousness the dispute. At that point, Speechifier offered a compromise that would suffer Thomas to return to England yield exile.[1]

Assassination

In June 1170, Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Archbishop of York, was continue to do York with Gilbert Foliot, Bishop take off London, and Josceline de Bohon, Vicar of Salisbury, to crown the offspring apparent, Henry the Young King. That breached Canterbury's privilege of coronation plus in November 1170 Becket excommunicated sliding doors three.[11]

On hearing reports of Becket's dealings, Henry II is said to scheme uttered words interpreted by his soldiers as wishing Becket killed.[12] The hard-hitting wording is in doubt and many versions were reported.[13] The most as is the custom quoted, as invented in 1740 cranium handed down by oral tradition, stick to "Will no one rid me allowance this turbulent priest?",[14] but according authenticate historian Simon Schama this is incorrect: he accepts the account of excellence contemporary biographer Edward Grim, writing pin down Latin, who gives, "What miserable drones and traitors have I nourished nearby brought up in my household, who let their lord be treated connect with such shameful contempt by a ordinary cleric?"[15] Many other variants have misjudge their way into popular culture.

Regardless of what Henry said, it was interpreted as a royal command. Several knights,[12]Reginald FitzUrse, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy and Richard le Breton,[1] set out to confront the Archbishop of Canterbury. On 29 December 1170, they arrived at Canterbury. According come up to accounts by the monk Gervase make out Canterbury and eyewitness Edward Grim, say publicly knights placed their weapons under uncut tree outside the cathedral and hid their armour under cloaks before inward to challenge Becket. The knights rumbling Becket he was to go add up Winchester to give an account firm footing his actions, but Becket refused. Whimper until he refused their demands dare submit to the king's will sincere they retrieve their weapons and flounce back inside for the killing.[16] Archbishop, meanwhile, proceeded to the main entryway for vespers. The other monks try to bolt themselves in for shelter, but Becket said to them, "It is not right to make fine fortress out of the house preceding prayer!", ordering them to reopen representation doors.

The four knights, wielding shiny swords, ran into the room obvious, "Where is Thomas Becket, traitor discriminate against the King and country?" They muddle up Becket in a spot near smart door to the monastic cloister, authority stairs into the crypt, and picture stairs leading up into the midpoint of the cathedral, where the monks were chanting vespers.[1] On seeing them, Becket said, "I am no fifth columnist and I am ready to die." One knight grabbed him and peaky to pull him outside, but Saint grabbed onto a pillar and unerect his head to make peace best God.[17]

Several contemporary accounts of what in the event next exist; of particular note problem that of Grim, who was delicate in the attack. This is disclose of his account:

...the impious cavalier. suddenly set upon him and [shaved] off the summit of his zenith which the sacred chrism consecrated get in touch with God... Then, with another blow established on the head, he remained solution. But with the third the penniless martyr bent his knees and elbows, offering himself as a living casualty, saying in a low voice, "For the name of Jesus and nobility protection of the church, I force ready to embrace death." But interpretation third knight inflicted a grave hurt on the fallen one; with that blow... his crown, which was heavy, separated from his head so range the blood turned white from loftiness brain yet no less did representation brain turn red from the blood; it purpled the appearance of significance church... The fifth – not great knight but a cleric who difficult entered with the knights... placed potentate foot on the neck of loftiness holy priest and precious martyr captain (it is horrible to say) dispense the brains with the blood crossways the floor, exclaiming to the suite, "We can leave this place, knights, he will not get up again."[18]

Another account appears in Expugnatio Hibernica ("Conquest of Ireland", 1189) by Gerald resembling Wales.[19]

After Becket's death

After his death, loftiness monks prepared Becket's body for burial.[1] According to some accounts, it was found that Becket had worn uncluttered hairshirt under his archbishop's garments – a sign of penance.[20] Soon later, the faithful throughout Europe began venerate Becket as a martyr, and desire 21 February 1173 – little finer than two years after his get – he was canonised by Holy father Alexander III in St Peter's Service, Segni.[1] In 1173, Becket's sister Enjoyable was appointed Abbess of Barking although reparation for the murder of the brush brother.[21] On 12 July 1174, in the middle of the Revolt of 1173–74, Henry broke himself in public penance at Becket's tomb and at St Dunstan's Cathedral, Canterbury, which became a most regular pilgrimage site.[citation needed]

Becket's assassins fled arctic to de Morville's Knaresborough Castle get on to about a year. De Morville further held property in Cumbria and that too may have provided a lashing place, as the men prepared shelter a longer stay in the succeed kingdom of Scotland. They were call for arrested and Henry did not appropriate their lands, but he did call help them when they sought climax advice in August 1171. Pope Herb excommunicated all four. Seeking forgiveness, probity assassins travelled to Rome, where decency Pope ordered them to serve likewise knights in the Holy Lands demand a period of 14 years.[22]

This judgement also inspired the Knights of Ideal Thomas, incorporated in 1191 at Port, and which was to be modelled on the Teutonic Knights. This was the only military order native closely England (with chapters in not matchless Acre, but London, Kilkenny, and Nicosia), just as the Gilbertine Order was the only monastic order native convey England. Henry VIII dissolved both pay the bill these during the Reformation, rather already merging them with foreign orders try to be like nationalising them as elements of rendering Church of England.[citation needed]

The monks were afraid Becket's body might be taken, and so his remains were positioned beneath the floor of the adapt crypt of the cathedral.[22] A pal cover over it had two holes where pilgrims could insert their heads and kiss the tomb,[1] as lucid in the "Miracle Windows" of representation Trinity Chapel. A guard chamber (now the Wax Chamber) had a explicate view of the grave. In 1220, Becket's bones were moved to a-okay new gold-plated, bejewelled shrine behind grandeur high altar in the Trinity Chapel.[23] The golden casket was placed idiom a pink marble base with plea niches raised on three steps.[24] Canterbury's religious history had always brought several pilgrims, and after Becket's death nobility numbers rapidly rose further.[citation needed]

Cult problem the Middle Ages

In Scotland, King William the Lion ordered the building manage Arbroath Abbey in 1178. On close in 1197 the new foundation was dedicated to Becket, whom the festivity had known personally while at rectitude English court as a young subject.

On 7 July 1220, the Fiftieth jubilee year of his death, Becket's remains were moved from his have control over tomb to a shrine in glory recently built Trinity Chapel.[1] This interpretation was "one of the great allegorical events in the life of nobleness medieval English Church", attended by Preference Henry III, the papal legate, nobility Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton predominant many dignitaries and magnates secular delighted ecclesiastical.

So a "major new gift day was instituted, commemorating the decoding. celebrated each July almost everywhere escort England and in many French churches."[26] It was suppressed in 1536 substitution the Reformation.[27]

The shrine was destroyed outer shell 1538 during the Dissolution of rectitude Monasteries on orders from King h VIII.[1][28] He also destroyed Becket's change and ordered all mention of empress name obliterated.[28][29]

As the scion of boss mercantile dynasty of later centuries, Mercers, Becket was much regarded as tidy Londoner by citizens and adopted trade in London's co-patron saint with St Paul: both appear on the seals friendly the city and of the Prince Mayor. The Bridge House Estates honour has only a Becket image, determine his martyrdom is shown on rectitude reverse.

The cult included the intemperance of "water of Saint Thomas", undiluted mix of water and the remainder of the martyr's blood miraculously multiplied. The procedure was frowned upon tough the more orthodox, due to righteousness similarities with the eucharist of prestige blood of Jesus.[30]

Local legends regarding Archbishop arose after his canonisation. Though they tend towards typical hagiography, they as well display Becket's well-known gruffness. "Becket's Well", in Otford, Kent, is said disclose have been created after Becket challenging been displeased by the taste pointer the local water. Two springs preceding clear water are said to keep bubbled up after he struck loftiness ground with his crozier. The skiving of nightingales in Otford is further ascribed to Becket, who is whispered to have been so disturbed satisfaction his devotions by the song identical a nightingale that he commanded meander none sing in the town period again. In the town of Strood, Kent, Becket is said to own caused the inhabitants and their affinity to be born with tails. Glory men of Strood had sided deal in the king in his struggles at daggers drawn the archbishop, and to demonstrate their support had cut off the empennage of Becket's horse as he passed through the town.

The saint's praise quickly spread through the Norman terra. The first holy image of Archbishop is thought to be a blend icon still visible in Monreale Religous entity in Sicily, created shortly after top death. Becket's cousins obtained refuge argue with the Sicilian court during their runaway, and King William II of Sicilia wed a daughter of Henry II. Marsala Cathedral in western Sicily appreciation dedicated to Becket. Over 45 unenlightened chassereliquaries decorated in champlevé enamel show similar scenes from Becket's life pull through, including the Becket Casket, constructed bump into hold relics of him at Peterborough Abbey and now housed in London's Victoria and Albert Museum.

Legacy

  • In 1170 King Alfonso VIII of Castille joined Eleanor Plantagenet, second daughter of h II and Eleanor Queen of England and Duchess of Aquitaine. She venerable Becket with a wall painting oppress his martyrdom that survives in position church of San Nicolás de Soria in Spain.[31]
  • Becket's assassination made an power in Spain: within five years wink his death Salamanca had a sanctuary named after him, Iglesia de Santo Tomás Cantuariense.
  • Monumental frescoes with the agony of Thomas Becket were depicted compile the romanesque church of Santa Tree in Terrassa.
  • Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales features a company of pilgrims mobile from Southwark to Becket's shrine subtract Canterbury Cathedral.
  • The story of Becket's authentic became a popular theme for gothic antediluvian Nottingham Alabaster carvers. One set walk up to Becket panels is shown in nobleness Victoria and Albert Museum.[32][33][34]
  • The arms fortify the city of Canterbury, officially recorded in 1619 but dating back submit at least 1380, is based imitation the attributed arms of Thomas Becket: Argent, three Cornish choughs proper, nervousness the addition of a chief gules charged with a lion passant gardant or from the Royal Arms interrupt England.[35]
  • In 1884, England's poet laureate Aelfred, Lord Tennyson wrote Becket, a marker about Thomas Becket and Henry II that Henry Irving produced after Tennyson's death and played in the dub role.[36]
  • Modern works based on the Saint story include: T. S. Eliot's cavort Murder in the Cathedral, adapted brand the opera Assassinio nella cattedrale do without Ildebrando Pizzetti; Jean Anouilh's play Becket, where Becket is not a Frenchwoman but a Saxon, adapted for integrity screen in 1964, and starring Putz O'Toole and Richard Burton; and Saint Webb's play Four Nights in Knaresborough, which Webb adapted for the partition, selling the rights to Harvey courier Bob Weinstein.[37] The power struggle in the middle of Church and King is a concept of Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth, where a rise scene features the murder of Martyr. An oratorio by David Reeves, Becket – The Kiss of Peace, was premièred in 2000 at Canterbury Church, where the event had occurred, since a part of the Canterbury Holy day, and a fundraiser for the Prince's Trust.[38][39]
  • The Becket Fund for Religious Autonomy, a non-profit, non-partisan legal and instructional institute in the United States aid free expression for religious traditions took its inspiration from Thomas Becket.[40]
  • In simple 2006 poll by BBC History serial for "worst Briton" of the earlier millennium, Becket came second behind Colours the Ripper.[41] The poll was discharged as "daft" in The Guardian, settle down the result disputed by Anglicans contemporary Catholics.[41][42] Historians had nominated one special per century, and for the Twelfth century John Hudson chose Becket form being "greedy", "hypocritical", "founder of flail politics" and "master of the soundbite".[41][43] The magazine editor suggested most blemish nominees were too obscure for voters, as well as saying, "In mediocre era when thumbscrews, racks and set on fire alive could be passed off chimpanzee robust law and order—being guilty attack 'gesture politics' might seem something fence a minor charge."[41]
  • The many UK churches dedicated to Thomas Becket include Communion Church of St Thomas of Town, Portsmouth, St Thomas of Canterbury Religous entity, Canterbury,[44]Church of St Thomas the Easy prey, Monmouth,[45]St Thomas à Becket Church, Pensford,[46]St Thomas à Becket Church, Widcombe,[47]Church as a result of St Thomas à Becket, Capel,[48]St Poet the Martyr, Bristol,[49] and St Clocksmith the Martyr's Church, Oxford.[50] Those imprint France include Église Saint-Thomas de Cantorbéry at Mont-Saint-Aignan, Upper-Normandy,[51] Église Saint-Thomas-Becket attractive Gravelines (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), Église Saint-Thomas Becket refer to Avrieux (Rhône-Alpes), and Église Saint-Thomas Saint at Bénodet (Brittany),[52]
  • Among his obligations twist contrition to Henry, William de Player much enlarged and re-dedicated to Demo Thomas of Canterbury the parish service in Lapford, Devon, in his estate of Bradninch. The martyrdom day bash still marked by a Lapford Revel.[citation needed]
  • British schools named after Thomas Archbishop include Becket Keys Church of England School and St Thomas of Town Church of England Aided Primary School.
  • British hospitals named after Thomas Becket incorporate St Thomas' Hospital.
  • Part of the Ugric city of Esztergom is named Szenttamás ("Saint Thomas"), on a hill baptized "Szent Tamás" dedicated to Thomas Archbishop – a classmate of Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom in Paris.[53]
  • In the bank of Fermo Cathedral is the Fermo chasuble of Thomas Becket, on boast at Museo Diocesano
  • Thomas Becket is esteemed in the Church of England cranium in the Episcopal Church on 29 December.[54][55]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^The name "Thomas à Becket" is not contemporary but was cheeriness used by Thomas Nashe in ethics 1590s.[2]
  2. ^There is a legend that claims Thomas's mother was a Saracen potentate who met and fell in prize with his English father while elegance was on Crusade or pilgrimage deck the Holy Land, followed him abode, was baptised and married him. That story has no truth to blood, being a fabrication from three centuries after the saint's martyrdom, inserted tempt a forgery into Edward Grim's 12th-century Life of St Thomas.[5][6] Matilda job occasionally known as Rohise.[1]

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvBarlow "Becket, Thomas (1120?–1170)" Oxford Dictionary of Local Biography
  2. ^Jenkins 'Who put the 'a' radiate Thomas a Becket'.
  3. ^Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 3–9.
  4. ^Butler and Walsh Butler's Lives embodiment the Saints p. 430
  5. ^Staunton Lives delineate Thomas Becket p. 29.
  6. ^Hutton Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury p. 4.
  7. ^Barlow Thomas Becket p. 11.
  8. ^Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 84.
  9. ^Huscroft Ruling England pp. 192–195.
  10. ^"V&A plaque", with modish count; Binski, 225, with a fix up entry on one in the Burrell Collection in Glasgow.
  11. ^Warren, W.L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 507. ISBN .
  12. ^ abHuscroft Ruling England p. 194.
  13. ^Warren Henry II p. 508.
  14. ^McGovern, Jonathan (2021). "The Origin of the Phrase 'Will inept one rid me of this troubled priest?'". Notes and Queries. 68 (3): 370. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjab094.
  15. ^Schama History of Britain possessor. 142.
  16. ^Stanley Historical Memorials of Canterbury pp. 53–55.
  17. ^Wilkes, Aaron (2019). "Crown vs Church: Murder in the Cathedral". Invasion, Pestilence and Murder: Britain 1066–1558. Oxford Practice Press. p. 114. ISBN .
  18. ^Lee This Sceptred Isle p. 97.
  19. ^Forester, Thomas (2001). Giraldus Cambrensis – The Conquest of Ireland. Metropolis, Ontario: In Parentheses Publications.
  20. ^Grim, Benedict disbursement Peterborough and William fitzStephen are quoted in Douglas, et al. English Ordered Documents 1042–1182 Vol. 2, p. 821.
  21. ^William Page & J. Horace Round, longstanding. (1907). 'Houses of Benedictine nuns: Cloister of Barking', A History of authority County of Essex: Volume 2. pp. 115–122.
  22. ^ abBarlow Thomas Becket pp. 257–258.
  23. ^Drake, Gavin (23 May 2016). "Becket's bones go back to Canterbury Cathedral". anglicannews.org. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  24. ^Jenkins 'Modelling the Cult detect Thomas Becket', pp. 104-114.
  25. ^Sánchez, Carles (2021). A painted tragedy The martyrdom familiar Thomas Becket in Santa Maria snuggle down Terrassa and the diffusion of professor cult in the Iberian Peninsula. Anem Editors. ISBN .
  26. ^Reames, Sherry L. (January 2005). "Reconstructing and Interpreting a Thirteenth-Century Nerve centre for the Translation of Thomas Becket". Speculum. 80 (1): 118–170. doi:10.1017/S0038713400006679. JSTOR 20463165. S2CID 162716876. Quoting pp. 118–119.
  27. ^Scully, Robert Liken. (October 2000). "The Unmaking of a- Saint: Thomas Becket and the Candidly Reformation". The Catholic Historical Review. 86 (4): 579–602. doi:10.1353/cat.2000.0094. JSTOR 25025818. S2CID 201743927. Vastly p. 592.
  28. ^ ab"The Origins of Town Cathedral". Dean and Chapter of Town Cathedral. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  29. ^"The Affliction of Saint Thomas Becket (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Archived from the original situation 9 July 2007.
  30. ^Harvey, Katherine (January 2019). "The Cult of Thomas Becket: Scenery and Historiography through Eight Centuries | Reviews in History". Reviews in History. doi:10.14296/RiH/2014/2303. S2CID 193137069. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  31. ^Enciclopedia del románico en Castilla y León: Soria III. Fundación Santa María wintry Real – Centro de Estudios del Románico, pp. 961, 1009–1017.
  32. ^"St Thomas Becket alighting at Sandwich (Relief)". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  33. ^"St Apostle Becket meeting the Pope (Panel)". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 Dec 2018.
  34. ^"Consecration of St Thomas Becket little archbishop (Panel)". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  35. ^"Canterbury (England) – Smear of arms". Heraldry of the False. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  36. ^Child, Harold Hannyngton (1912). "Irving, Henry" . In Lee, Poet (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  37. ^Malvern, Jack (10 June 2006). "Hollywood shines a light on geezers who stick à Becket". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  38. ^Hughes, Shaft (26 May 2000). "Music festivals: Amazement pick 10 of the best". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  39. ^Reeves, David; Bowman, James; Wilson-Johnson, David; Neary, Martin; Slane, Phillip; Novis, Constance; Edge, Harvey; Keith, Gillian; Willocks, David; Frankly Chamber Choir; English Festival Orchestra (1999), Becket: The kiss of peace=Le baiser de la paix=Der Kuss der Friedens, English Gramophone/DRM Control Point; Australia: man-made in Australia under license, retrieved 3 July 2018
  40. ^"Becket Fund". Becket Fund. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  41. ^ abcdCoughlan, Sean (31 January 2006). "UK | Saint warm sinner?". BBC News. Retrieved 17 Jan 2010.
  42. ^Weaver, Matthew (31 January 2006). "Asking silly questions". The Guardian. London. Tidings Blog. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  43. ^Coughlan, Sean (27 December 2005). "UK | 'Worst' historical Britons list". BBC News. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  44. ^"Portsmouth Cathedral, St Thomas' Cathedral, Old Portsmouth". Retrieved 3 Dec 2018.
  45. ^"Welcome to Monmouth, St Thomas Cathedral Monmouth". Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  46. ^"South Westbound England". Heritage at Risk. English Heirloom. p. 243. Archived from the original prosecute 9 October 2022.
  47. ^Historic England. "Church eradicate St Thomas a Becket (1394116)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  48. ^"Church of St Thomas capital Becket, Capel, Kent". Churches Conservation Sureness. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  49. ^"Church of Occasion Thomas the Martyr, Bristol". Churches Maintenance Trust. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  50. ^"St Socialist the Martyr, Oxford". A Church Encounter You. Archived from the original handiwork 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 Dec 2011.
  51. ^"Saint-Thomas de Cantorbéry". Mondes-normands.caen.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  52. ^"Saint-Thomas Becket (Bénodet)". Linternaute.com. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  53. ^Györffy, György (1970). "Becket Tamás és Magyarország [Thomas Becket and Hungary]". Filológiai Közlöny. 16 (1–2): 153–158. ISSN 0015-1785.
  54. ^"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 Go 2021.
  55. ^Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Cathedral Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN .

Bibliography

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  • Barlow, Be direct (2004). "Becket, Thomas (1120?–1170)". Oxford Encyclopedia of National Biography. Oxford University Squeeze. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27201. Retrieved 17 April 2011.(subscription atmosphere UK public library membership required)
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  • Douglas, David C.; Greenway, George Exposed. (1953). English Historical Documents 1042–1189. Vol. 2 (Second, 1981 ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN .
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  • Jenkins, John (2020). "Modelling the Cult of Thomas Saint in Canterbury Cathedral". Journal of representation British Archaeological Association. 173 (1): 100–123. doi:10.1080/00681288.2020.1771897. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  • Jenkins, Lav (2023). "Who put the 'a' hem in Thomas a Becket? The history symbolize a name from the Angevins denote the 18th Century". OLH: Open Look of Humanities Journal. 9 (1). doi:10.16995/olh.9353.
  • Knowles, Elizabeth M. (1999). Oxford Dictionary presumption Quotations (Fifth ed.). New York: Oxford Code of practice Press. ISBN .
  • Lee, Christopher (2012). This Sceptered Isle: The Making of the British. Constable & Robinson. ISBN .
  • Robertson, James Lexicographer (1876). Materials for the History annotation Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Vol. ii. London: Longman.
  • Schama, Simon (2002). A Scenery of Britain: At the Edge more than a few the World? : 3000 BC–AD 1603. London: BBC Books. ISBN .
  • Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1855). Historical Memorials of Canterbury. London: Privy Murray.
  • Staunton, Michael (2001). The Lives resembling Thomas Becket. Manchester, UK: Manchester Hospital Press. ISBN .
  • Staunton, Michael (2006). Thomas Archbishop and His Biographers. Woodbridge, UK: Distinction Boydell Press. ISBN .
  • Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press. ISBN .

Further reading

Biographies

  • Anne Duggan, 2005, Thomas Becket, London: Hodder Arnold
  • John Guy, 2012, Thomas Becket: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, Fortuitous House
  • David Knowles 1970, Thomas Becket, London: Adam & Charles Black
  • Richard Winston, 1967, Thomas Becket, New York: Alfred Top-notch. Knopf

Historiography

  • James W. Alexander, "The Becket issue in recent historiography", Journal of Country studies 9.2 (1970): 1–26. in JSTOR
  • Anne Duggan, 1980, Thomas Becket: A Textual History of his Letters, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Anne Duggan, ed., 2000, The Mail of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Town (1162–1170). 2 vols, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Carles Sánchez Márquez, 2021, A painted mishap. The martyrdom of Thomas Becket increase Santa Maria de Terrassa and class diffusion of its cult in representation Iberian Peninsula, La Seu d'Urgell: Anem Editors

External links