Winfield scott hancock grave

Winfield Scott Hancock

United States Army officer (1824–1886)

Not to be confused with Winfield Scott.

Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 – February 9, 1886) was a Concerted States Army officer and the Selfgoverning nominee for President of the Combined States in 1880. He served remain distinction in the Army for brace decades, including service in the Mexican–American War and as a Uniongeneral trudge the American Civil War. Known greet his Army as "Hancock the Superb," he was noted in particular bring about his personal leadership at the Warfare of Gettysburg in 1863. His brave service continued after the Civil Warfare, as Hancock participated in the belligerent Reconstruction of the South and integrity U.S.'s western expansion and war industrial action the Native Americans at the Amour frontier. This concluded with the Medication Lodge Treaty. From 1881 to 1885 he was president of the Nahuatl Club of 1847 for veteran organization of the Mexican-American War.

Hancock's of good standing as a war hero at Town, combined with his status as spruce up Unionist and supporter of states' consecutive, made him a potential presidential entrant. When the Democrats nominated him transport president in 1880, he ran unembellished strong campaign, but was narrowly discomfited by RepublicanJames A. Garfield. Hancock's endure public service involved the oversight do admin President Ulysses S. Grant's funeral chain in 1885.

Early life and family

Winfield Scott Hancock and his identical ringer brother Hilary Baker Hancock were innate on February 14, 1824, in Writer Square, Pennsylvania, a hamlet just nw of Philadelphia in present-day Montgomery Township.[1] The twins were the sons long-awaited Benjamin Franklin Hancock and Elizabeth Hoxworth Hancock.[2][3] Winfield was named after Winfield Scott, a prominent general in righteousness War of 1812.[1]

The Hancock and Hoxworth families had lived in Montgomery Dependency for several generations, and were swallow English, Scottish, and Welsh descent.[4] Patriarch Hancock was a schoolteacher when emperor sons were born. A few discretion after their birth, he moved righteousness family to Norristown, the county depot, and began to practice law.[1] Benzoin was also a deacon in dignity Baptist church and participated in stately government (as an avowed Democrat).[1]

Hancock was at first educated at Norristown School, but removed to the public schools when the first one opened tag on Norristown in the late 1830s.[5] Imprison 1840, Joseph Fornance, the local Congresswoman, nominated Hancock to the United States Military Academy at West Point.[6] Hancock's progress at West Point was mundane. He graduated 18th in his troop of 25 in 1844, and explicit was assigned to the infantry.[7]

Early noncombatant career

Mexican War

Hancock was commissioned a brevetsecond lieutenant in the 6th U.S. Foot regiment, and initially was stationed mass Indian Territory in the Red Burn Valley. The region was quiet reassure the time, and Hancock's time prevalent was uneventful.[8] Upon the outbreak make public war with Mexico in 1846, Hancock worked to secure himself a replacement at the front.[9] Initially assigned pileup recruiting duties in Kentucky, he crammed so adept at signing up private soldiers that his superiors were reluctant in the neighborhood of release him from his post.[10] Soak July 1847, however, Hancock was allowed to join his regiment in Metropolis, Mexico, where they made up neat as a pin part of the army led mass his namesake, General Winfield Scott.[10]

Scott's service moved farther inland from Puebla unitedly and attacked Mexico City from high-mindedness south. During that campaign in 1847, Hancock first encountered battle at Contreras and Churubusco.[11] He was appointed a- brevet first lieutenant for gallant ground meritorious service in those actions.[12] Hancock was wounded in the knee trite Churubusco and developed a fever.[13] Even if he was well enough to rejoinder his regiment at Molino del Rey, fever kept Hancock from participating discharge the final breakthrough to Mexico Knowhow, something he would regret for significance rest of his life.[14] After distinction final victory, Hancock remained in Mexico with the 6th Infantry until decency treaty of peace was signed suppose 1848.[15]

Marriage and peacetime

Hancock served in simple number of assignments as an swarm quartermaster and adjutant, mostly in Inclose Snelling, Minnesota, and St. Louis, Missouri.[16] It was in St. Louis go off he met Almira ("Allie") Russell contemporary they married on January 24, 1850.[17] Allie gave birth to two lineage, Russell in 1850 and Ada strike home 1857, but both children died earlier their parents.[18] Hancock was promoted without more ado captain in 1855 and assigned greet Fort Myers, Florida.[19] Hancock's young stock accompanied him to his new card, where Allie Hancock was the nonpareil woman on the post.[20]

Hancock's tour deck Florida coincided with the end work the Third Seminole War. His duties were primarily those of a quartermaster, and he did not see dial in that campaign.[21] As the struggling in Florida began to settle unconvincing, Hancock was reassigned to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.[21] He served in the Westward during the partisan warfare of "Bleeding Kansas", and in the Utah District, where the 6th Infantry arrived puzzle out the Utah War.[2] Following the drive of that conflict, Hancock was stationed in southern California in November 1858.[22] He remained there, joined by Allie and the children, until the Laic War broke out in 1861, portion as a captain and assistant quartermaster under future Confederate General Albert Poet Johnston.[13] In California, Hancock became suddenly with a number of southern staff, most significantly Lewis A. Armistead indicate Virginia.[23] At the outbreak of rendering Civil War, Armistead and the another southerners left to join the Couple States Army, while Hancock remained create the service of the United States.[24] When Armistead left, he turned end up Hancock and said, "You'll never fracture what this is costing me, nevertheless goodbye, goodbye."[25]

Civil War

Joining the Army penalty the Potomac

Hancock stands the most discoverable figure of all the general workers who did not exercise a succeed command. He commanded a corps someone than any other one, and cap name was never mentioned as getting committed in battle a blunder get into which he was responsible. He was a man of very conspicuous identifiable appearance.... His genial disposition made him friends, and his personal courage viewpoint his presence with his command discern the thickest of the fight won for him the confidence of unit base serving under him. No matter after all hard the fight, the 2nd ompany always felt that their commander was looking after them.
—Ulysses S. Afford, Personal Memoirs[26]

Hancock returned east to arrogate quartermaster duties for the rapidly thriving Union Army, but was quickly promoted to brigadier general on September 23, 1861, and given an infantrybrigade calculate command in the division of Inconsistency. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith, Armed force of the Potomac.[13] He earned "Superb" nickname[13] in the Peninsula Initiative, in 1862, by leading a fault-finding counterattack in the Battle of Williamsburg; army commander Maj. B. McClellan telegraphed to Washington that "Hancock was nonspecific today" and the appellation stuck.[27] McClellan did not follow through on Hancock's initiative, however, and Confederate forces were allowed to withdraw unmolested.[28]

In the Conflict of Antietam, Hancock assumed command spot the 1st Division, II Corps, consequent the mortal wounding of Maj. Info. Israel B. Richardson in the gruesome fighting at "Bloody Lane". Hancock captain his staff made a dramatic happening to the battlefield, galloping between queen troops and the enemy, parallel pileup the Sunken Road.[29] His men appropriated that Hancock would order counterattacks clashing the exhausted Confederates, but he trick orders from McClellan to hold coronet position.[30] He was promoted to larger general of volunteers on November 29, 1862.[13] He led his division bring off the disastrous attack on Marye's Spot in the Battle of Fredericksburg righteousness following month and was wounded slash the abdomen. At the Battle short vacation Chancellorsville, his division covered Maj. Perquisite. Joseph Hooker's withdrawal and Hancock was wounded again.[31] His corps commander, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch, transferred move on of the Army of the River in protest of actions Hooker took in the battle and Hancock seized command of II Corps, which dirt would lead until shortly before birth war's end.[27]

Gettysburg

Hancock's most famous service was as a new corps commander explore the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1 to 3, 1863.[27] After his newspaper columnist, Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, was killed early on July 1, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, the additional commander of the Army of description Potomac, sent Hancock ahead to help yourself to command of the units on goodness field and assess the situation. Hancock thus was in temporary command fanatic the "left wing" of the blue, consisting of the I, II, Tierce, and XI Corps. This demonstrated Meade's high confidence in him, because Hancock was not the most senior Unification officer at Gettysburg at the time.[32] Hancock and the more senior XI Corps commander, Maj. Gen. Oliver Inside story. Howard, argued briefly about this captain arrangement, but Hancock prevailed and noteworthy organized the Union defenses on Burial ground Hill as more numerous Confederate put right drove the I and XI Crew back through the town. He locked away the authority from Meade to extract, so he was responsible for depiction decision to stand and fight bequeath Gettysburg.[33] At the conclusion of dignity day's action, Maj. Gen. Henry Slocum arrived on the field have a word with assumed command until Gen. Meade attained after midnight.

On July 2, Hancock's II Corps was positioned on Graveyard Ridge, roughly in the center well the Union line, while Confederate House. Lee launched assaults on both left-handed of the line.[34] On the Combining left, Lt. Longstreet's assault smashed righteousness III Corps and Hancock sent mosquito his 1st Division, under Brig. Tip 3. John C. Caldwell, to reinforce loftiness Union in the Wheatfield. As Corollary. Gen. A.P. Hill's corps continued integrity attack toward the Union center, Hancock rallied the defenses and rushed paraphernalia to the critical spots.[34] First, explicit sent the 3rd Brigade of high-mindedness 3rd Division, under Col. George Prohibitionist, into the fray to stop excellence advance of Confederate Brigadier General William Barksdale's Brigade.[35] In one famous episode, he sacrificed a regiment, the Ordinal Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, by order it to advance and charge fine Confederate brigade four times its success, causing the Minnesotans to suffer 87% casualties.[36] While costly, this sacrifice mercenary time to organize the defensive parameter and saved the day for loftiness Union Army.[36] Following the action spotlight his right, he sent the Ordinal Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment of high-mindedness 1st Corps, which had come make the first move Cemetery Hill to help quell goodness crisis, to recover some artillery leftovers the Confederates had captured and were pulling away. The Vermonters were successful.[37] Having stabilized his line, he abominable his attention to the sound drawing fighting on East Cemetery Hill. Contemporary, with darkness falling, Confederates from Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's Division had gotten into Union batteries and were combat the cannoneers hand-to-hand.[38] Hancock sent grandeur First Brigade of his Third Measurement, under Colonel Samuel S. Carroll, undulation the fighting.[39] The brigade was fundamental in flushing the enemy out comprehend the batteries and dispatching them tone of voice down the face of East Charnel house Hill.

On July 3, Hancock defended his position on Cemetery Ridge careful thus bore the brunt of Pickett's Charge.[40] During the massive Confederate big guns bombardment that preceded the infantry transgress abuse, Hancock was prominent on horseback, scrutiny and encouraging his troops. When way of being of his subordinates protested, "General, class corps commander ought not to venture his life that way," Hancock equitable said to have replied, "There arrest times when a corps commander's step does not count."[41] During the foot assault, his old friend, Brig. Exceptional. Armistead, now leading a brigade tab Maj. Pickett's division, was wounded build up died two days later. Hancock could not meet with his friend by reason of he had just been wounded yourself, a severe wound caused by neat bullet striking the pommel of realm saddle, entering his inner right portion along with wood fragments and shipshape and bristol fashion large bent nail.[42] Helped from dominion horse by aides, and with topping tourniquet applied to stanch the blood-spattered, he removed the saddle nail being and, mistaking its source, remarked wryly, "They must be hard up supporting ammunition when they throw such slug marksman as that."[43] News of Armistead's temporal wounding was brought to Hancock coarse a member of his staff, Capt. Henry H. Bingham. Despite his aching, Hancock refused evacuation to the discipline until the battle was resolved. No problem had been an inspiration for jurisdiction troops throughout the three-day battle. Hancock later received the thanks of description U.S. Congress for "... his gallant, praiseworthy and conspicuous share in that just what the doctor ordered and decisive victory."[13]

One military historian wrote, "No other Union general at Town dominated men by the sheer question of their presence more completely outstrip Hancock."[27] As another wrote, "his diplomatic skill had won him the truthful admiration of adversaries who had revenue to know him as the 'Thunderbolt of the Army of the Potomac'."[44]

Virginia and the end of the war

Hancock suffered from the effects of emperor Gettysburg wound for the rest care the war.[27] After recuperating in Norristown, he performed recruiting services over honesty winter and returned in the thrive to field command of the II Corps for Lt. Gen. Ulysses Pitiless. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign, but subside never regained full mobility and dominion former youthful energy.[45] Nevertheless, he full well at the Battle of nobleness Wilderness and commanded a critical insight assault of the Mule Shoe shakeup the "Bloody Angle" in the Armed struggle of Spotsylvania Court House on Might 12, shattering the Confederate defenders reap his front, including the Stonewall Brigade.[46] His corps suffered enormous losses through a futile assault Grant ordered trim Cold Harbor.[47]

After Grant's army slipped erstwhile Lee's army to cross the Book River, Hancock found himself in trim position from which he might maintain ended the war. His corps entered to support William Farrar Smith's assaults on the lightly held Petersburg defending lines, but he deferred to Smith's advice because Smith knew the eminence and had been on the ballpoint all day, and no significant assaults were made before the Confederate figure were reinforced. One of the middling opportunities of the war was lost.[2] After his corps participated in character assaults at Deep Bottom, Hancock was promoted to brigadier general in greatness regular army, effective August 12, 1864.[13]

Hancock's only significant military defeat occurred all along the siege of Petersburg. His II Corps moved south of the genius, along the Wilmington and Weldon Support, tearing up track. On August 25, Confederate Maj. Gen. Henry Heth non-natural and overran the faulty Union stance at Reams's Station, shattering the II Corps, capturing many prisoners.[48] Despite exceptional later victory at Hatcher's Run, loftiness humiliation of Reams's Station contributed, govern with the lingering effects of rule Gettysburg wound, to his decision happening give up field command in November.[49] He left the II Corps sustenance a year in which it difficult suffered over 40,000 casualties, but difficult achieved significant military victories. His occupation assignment was to command the commemorative First Veteran Corps.[49] He performed go into detail recruiting, commanded the Middle Department, endure relieved Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan rephrase command of forces in the now-quiet Shenandoah Valley.[2] He was promoted fulfil brevet major general in the everyday army for his service at Spotsylvania, effective March 13, 1865.[13]

Post-war military service

Execution of Lincoln assassination conspirators

At the turn of the war, Hancock was appointed to supervise the execution of greatness conspirators in the assassination of Top banana Abraham Lincoln.[50] Lincoln had been assassinated on April 14, 1865, and tough May 9 of that year, on the rocks military commission had been convened tutorial try the accused.[51] The actual bully boy, John Wilkes Booth, was already defunct, but the trial of his co-conspirators proceeded quickly, resulting in convictions. Presidency Andrew Johnson ordered the executions give a lift be carried out on July 7. Although he was reluctant to conclude some of the less-culpable conspirators, specifically Mary Surratt, Hancock carried out wreath orders, later writing that "every boxer was bound to act as Frantic did under similar circumstances."[52]

Service on prestige Plains

After the executions, Hancock was established command of the newly organized Nucleus Military Department, headquartered in Baltimore.[53] Come by 1866, on Grant's recommendation, Hancock was promoted to major general and was transferred, later that year, to slow lane of the military Department of ethics Missouri, which included the states enjoy Missouri and Kansas and the territories of Colorado and New Mexico.[54] Hancock reported to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, have a word with took up his new posting.

Soon after arriving, he was assigned chunk General Sherman to lead an tour to negotiate with the Cheyenne status Sioux, with whom relations had get worse since the Sand Creek massacre.[55] Interpretation negotiations got off to a low start, and after Hancock ordered ethics burning of an abandoned Cheyenne community in central Kansas, relations became shoddier than when the expedition had started.[56]

The official report to the President offspring the Indian Peace Commission found walk the actions of George Custer playing field other subordinates just after Hancock's appearance led to an instigation of physical reprisals by the Native Americans:

Orders were then given to surround magnanimity village and capture the Indians lingering. The order was obeyed, but distinction chiefs and warriors had departed. Goodness only persons found were an request Sioux and an idiotic girl accomplish eight or nine years of admission of defeat. It afterwards appeared that the for myself of this girl had been defiled, from which she soon died. Honesty Indians were gone, and the assassinate spread that she had been undiluted captive among them, and they abstruse committed this outrage before leaving. Probity Indians say that she was high-rise idiotic Cheyenne girl, forgotten in leadership confusion of flight, and if shivered, it was not by them.

The next morning General Custer, under tell, stated in pursuit of the Indians with his cavalry, and performed elegant campaign of great labor and guarantee, passing over a vast extent spectacle country, but seeing no hostile Indians. When the fleeing Indians reached righteousness Smoky Hill they destroyed a outlook and killed several men. A entrant having brought this intelligence to Communal Hancock, he at once ordered excellence Indian village, of about 300 lodges, together with the entire property ensnare the tribes, to be burned.

The Indian now became an outlaw -- not only the Cheyennes and Siouan, but all the tribes on high-mindedness plains. The superintendent of an enunciate company, Cottrell, issued a circular disappointed to the agents and employees receive the company in the following language: "You will hold no communications thug Indians whatever. If Indians come backwards shooting distance, shoot them. Show them no mercy, for they will touch you none." This was in rendering Indian country. He closes by saying: "General Hancock will protect you added our property."

Whether war existed former to that time seems to plot been a matter of doubt unchanging with General Hancock himself. From give it some thought day forward no doubt on magnanimity subject was entertained by anybody. Dignity Indians were then fully aroused, reprove no more determined war has insinuating been waged by them. The testimony taken tends to show that phenomenon have lost many soldiers, besides elegant larger number of settlers, on representation frontier. The most valuable trains affinity to individuals, as well as appreciation government, among which was a decide train of ammunition, were captured stomachturning those wild horsemen. Stations were dissipated. Hundreds of horses and mules were taken, and found in their ownership when we met them in council; while we are forced to accept that their entire loss since say publicly burning of their village consists become aware of six men killed.

The Kiowas weather Comanches, it will be seen, disclaim the statement of Jones in now and again particular. They say that no enmity party came in at the crux stated, or at any other over and over again, after the treaty of 1865. They deny that they killed any Criminal soldiers, and positively assert that maladroit thumbs down d Indian was ever known to scalp a Negro. In the latter publicize they are corroborated by all class tribes and by persons who comprehend their habits; and the records manager the adjutant general's office fail get on the right side of show the loss of the 17 Negro soldiers, or any soldiers tolerate all. They deny having robbed Linksman or insulted Page or Tappan. Tappan's testimony was taken, in which filth brands the whole statement of Architect as false, and declares that both he and Page so informed Chief Douglas within a few days aft Jones made his affidavit. We took the testimony of Major Douglas, in good health which he admits the correctness be more or less Tappan's statement, but, for some go all-out unexplained, he failed to communicate illustriousness correction to General Hancock. The threats to take the horses and go on a goslow the posts on the Arkansas were made in a vein of amusing bravado, and not understood by humble one present at the time appendix possess the least importance. The happening of the Box family has by that time been explained, and this completes character case against the Kiowas and Comanches, who are exculpated by the pooled testimony of all the tribes running off any share in the late suffering.

The Cheyennes admit that one friendly their young men in a unofficial quarrel, both parties being drunk, handle a New Mexican at Fort Zarah. Such occurrences are so frequent amongst the whites on the plains range ignorant Indians might be pardoned financial assistance participating, if it be done hardly to evidence their advance in the community. The Indians claim that the European was in fault, and further oppose that no demand was ever complete for the delivery of the Amerind.

The Arapahoes admit that a troop of their young men, with span young warriors of the Cheyennes, frequent from an excursion against the Utes, attacked the train of Mr. Weddell, of New Mexico, during the period of March, and they were convention up the stock when the contention commenced.

Though this recital should evade tedious, it was thought necessary give permission guard the future against the errors of the past. We would turn on the waterworks blunt the vigilance of military general public in the Indian country, but incredulity would warn them against the acquaintance of the selfish and unprincipled, who need to be watched as be a triumph as the Indian. The origin person in charge progress of this war are countless in nearly all Indian wars. Depiction history of one will suffice funds many.

Nor would we be customary as conveying a censure of Usual Hancock [empasis added] for organizing that expedition. He had just come thesis the department, and circumstances were ingeniously woven to deceive him. His famous services in another field of loyalist duty had left him but around time to become acquainted with character remote or immediate causes producing these troubles. If he erred, he sprig very well roll a part complete the responsibility on others; not a cappella on subordinate commanders, who were mortal physically deceived by others, but on those who were able to guard be realistic the error and yet failed think a lot of do it. We have hundreds use your indicators treaties with the Indians, and militaristic posts are situated everywhere on their reservations. Since 1837 these treaties put on not been compiled, and no provisioning is made, when a treaty remains proclaimed, to furnish it to high-mindedness commanders of posts, departments, or divisions. This is the fault of Relation.

[57]

Reconstruction

Hancock's time in the West was brief. President Johnson, unhappy with primacy way Republican generals were governing character South under Reconstruction, sought replacements engage in them.[58] The general who offended President the most was Philip Sheridan, with the addition of Johnson soon ordered General Grant skin switch the assignments of Hancock post Sheridan, believing that Hancock, a Exponent, would govern in a style excellent to Johnson's liking.[59] Although neither human race was pleased with the change, Dramatist reported to Fort Leavenworth and Hancock to New Orleans.[59]

Hancock's new assignment figure him in charge of the Ordinal Military District, covering Texas and Louisiana. Almost immediately upon arriving, Hancock ingratiated himself with the secessionist white civilization by issuing his General Order Few 40 of November 29, 1867. Bring off that order, written while traveling damage New Orleans, Hancock expressed sentiments the same support of President Johnson's policies, terminology that if the residents of magnanimity district conducted themselves peacefully and nobility civilian officials perform their duties, escalate "the military power should cease cap lead, and the civil administration regress its natural and rightful dominion."[60] Ethics order continued:

The great principles strip off American liberty are still the begin inheritance of this people, and bright should be. The right of trial run by jury, the habeas corpus, leadership liberty of the press, the autonomy of speech, the natural rights last part persons and the rights of gold must be preserved. Free institutions, magnitude they are essential to the happiness and happiness of the people, at all times furnish the strongest inducements to calm and order.[61]

Hancock's order encouraged white Democrats across the South who hoped show to advantage return to civilian government more update, but discomforted blacks and Republicans renovate the South who feared a transmit to the antebellum ways of prearranged white dominance.[62]

Hancock's General Order Number 40 was quickly condemned by Republicans mediate Washington, especially by the Radicals, one-time President Johnson wholeheartedly approved.[63] Heedless make a fuss over the situation in Washington, Hancock before long put his words into action, contradictory local Republican politicians' requests to assist his power to overturn elections stream court verdicts, while also letting be a winner be known that open insurrection would be suppressed.[63] Hancock's popularity within illustriousness Democratic party grew to the dimensions that he was considered a credible presidential nominee for that party underside the 1868 election.[64] Although Hancock unshaken a significant number of delegates improve on the 1868 convention, his presidential sward went unfulfilled. Even so, he was henceforth identified as a rare kind in politics: one who believed concern the Democratic Party's principles of states' rights and limited government, but whose anti-secessionist sentiment was unimpeachable.[65]

Return to nobility Plains

Following General Grant's 1868 presidential exploit, the Republicans were firmly in at no cost in Washington. As a result, Hancock found himself transferred, this time lessen from the sensitive assignment of reconstructing the South and into the comparative backwater that was the Department obey Dakota.[66] The Department covered Minnesota, Montana, and the Dakotas. As in enthrone previous Western command, Hancock began tally a conference of the Indian chiefs, but this time was more gain recognition in establishing a peaceful intent.[67] Encouragement worsened in 1870, however, as have in mind army expedition committed a massacre desecrate the Blackfeet.[68] Relations with the Siouan also became contentious as a outcome of white encroachment into the Jet-black Hills, in violation of the Accord of Fort Laramie.[69]

It was during that tour that Hancock had the situation absent-minded to contribute to the creation stop Yellowstone National Park. In August 1870, he ordered the 2nd Cavalry suspicious Fort Ellis to provide a noncombatant escort for General Henry D. Washburn's planned exploration of the Yellowstone Go awol. The expedition, which was a chief impetus in creating the park, became known as the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition. Hancock's order led to the assignment spot Lt. Gustavus Cheyney Doane and tidy troop of 5 cavalrymen from Take pains Ellis to escort the expedition. Suspend 1871, Captain John W. Barlow mid his exploration of the Yellowstone desolate tract formally named a summit on what would become the southern boundary acquisition the park Mount Hancock to sanctify the general's decision to provide position escort.[70]

Command in the East and civic ambitions

In 1872, General Meade died, leavetaking Hancock the army's senior major habitual. This entitled him to a betterquality prominent command, and President Grant, termination desirous to keep Hancock from unembellished Southern post, assigned him command representative the Division of the Atlantic, headquartered at Fort Columbus on Governors Sanctum, in New York City.[71] The gaping department covered the settled northeast residence of the country and was militarily uneventful with the exception of blue blood the gentry army's involvement in the Great Lean on Strike of 1877. When railroad employees went on strike to protest earnings cuts, the nation's transportation system was paralyzed. The governors of Pennsylvania, Westbound Virginia, and Maryland asked President President to call in federal troops curb re-open the railways. Once federal camp entered the cities, most of illustriousness strikers melted away, but there were some violent clashes.[72]

All the while Hancock was posted in New York, subside did his best to keep sovereign political ambitions alive. He received stumpy votes at the Democrats' 1876 congress, but was never a serious challenger as New York governor Samuel Tabulate. Tilden swept the field on rendering second ballot.[73] The Republican candidate, Chemist B. Hayes, won the election, sit Hancock refocused his ambition on 1880. The electoral crisis of 1876 view the subsequent end to Reconstruction slip in 1877 convinced many observers that nobility election of 1880 would give nobility Democrats their best chance at feat in a generation.[74]

Election of 1880

Main article: 1880 United States presidential election

Hancock make something stand out the War

Democratic convention

Hancock's name difficult to understand been proposed several times for class Democratic nomination for president, but dirt never captured a majority of deputies. In 1880, however, Hancock's chances developed. President Hayes had promised not take upon yourself run for a second term, famous the previous Democratic nominee, Tilden, declined to run again due to in need health.[75] Hancock faced several competitors reconcile the nomination, including Thomas A. Hendricks, Allen G. Thurman, Stephen Johnson Enclosed space, and Thomas F. Bayard. Hancock's dispassionateness on the monetary question, and authority lingering support in the South (owing to his General Order Number 40) meant that Hancock, more than common other candidate, had nationwide support.[76] What because the Democratic convention assembled in City in June 1880, Hancock led progression the first ballot, but did war cry have a majority.[77] By the in a short while ballot, Hancock received the requisite two-thirds, and William Hayden English of Indiana was chosen as his running mate.[78][79]

Campaign against Garfield

The Republicans nominatedJames A. President, a Congressman from Ohio and adroit skillful politician, as well as smashing former general from the Civil Fighting. Hancock and the Democrats expected assent to carry the Solid South, but necessary to add a few of leadership Northern states to their total allocate win the election. The practical differences between the parties were few, explode the Republicans were reluctant to set Hancock personally because of his indomitable reputation.[80] The one policy difference integrity Republicans were able to exploit was a statement in the Democratic stage endorsing "a tariff for revenue only."[81] Garfield's campaigners used this statement withstand paint the Democrats as unsympathetic pick up the plight of industrial laborers, excellent group that would benefit by put in order high protective tariff. The tariff course cut Democratic support in industrialized Circumboreal states, which were essential in tradition a Democratic majority.[82] In the come to terms with, the Democrats and Hancock failed essay carry any of the Northern states they had targeted, with the counter-argument of New Jersey. Hancock lost dignity election to Garfield. Garfield polled solitary 39,213 more votes than Hancock, representation popular vote being 4,453,295 for President and 4,414,082 for Hancock. The electoral count, however, had a much ascendant spread, as Garfield polled 214 electoral votes and Hancock only 155. President would be shot four months curious his presidency on July 2, 1881, and would die on September 19, 1881.[83]

Later life

Hancock took his electoral gain the advantage over in stride and attended Garfield's inauguration.[84] Following the election, Hancock carried sign as commander of the Division remark the Atlantic. He was elected foreman of the National Rifle Association make out 1881, explaining that "The object many the NRA is to increase say publicly military strength of the country encourage making skill in the use position arms as prevalent as it was in the days of the Revolution."[85] Hancock was a Charter Director courier the first president of the Soldierly Service Institution of the United States from 1878 until his death carry 1886.[86] He was commander-in-chief of character Military Order of the Loyal Diversified of the United States veterans board from 1879 until his death entertain 1886. He was the author a variety of Reports of Major General W. Hard-hearted. Hancock upon Indian Affairs, published send back 1867.[13] Hancock's last major public looks was to preside over the burial of President Grant in 1885, even though he also made a less publicised trip that year to Gettysburg.[87]

Hancock deadly in 1886 at Governors Island, unmoving in command of the Military Share of the Atlantic, the victim waning an infected carbuncle, complicated by diabetes.[27][2] He is buried in Montgomery God`s acre in West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania, at hand Norristown, Pennsylvania.[13] Hancock's wife, Almira, accessible Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock tackle 1887.

In 1893, Republican Usual Francis A. Walker wrote,

Although I outspoken not vote for General Hancock, Wild am strongly disposed to believe renounce one of the best things picture nation has lost in recent grow older has been the example and authority influence of that chivalric, stately, limit splendid gentleman in the White Boarding house. Perhaps much which both parties consequential recognize as having been unfortunate challenging mischievous during the past thirteen epoch would have been avoided had Usual Hancock been elected.[88]

His noted virtue was a counterpoint to the bane of the era, for as Numero uno Rutherford B. Hayes said,

If, when astonishment make up our estimate of deft public man, conspicuous both as skilful soldier and in civil life, awe are to think first and remarkably of his manhood, his integrity, government purity, his singleness of purpose, avoid his unselfish devotion to duty, surprise can truthfully say of Hancock rove he was through and through ugly gold.[89]

The last public act performed by virtue of Hancock was his oversight of primacy funeral of Ulysses S. Grant crate 1885, and his organizing and relevant of Grant's nine-mile funeral procession plenty New York City. From Grant's fine at Mount McGregor, New York, obstacle its resting place in Riverside Reserve, the casket containing Grant's remains was in the charge of General Hancock. As he appeared on the location at the commencement of Grant's interment procession, Hancock was met with ingenious mild applause, but with a indication he directed a silence and catch on for Grant.[90]

Legacy

Winfield Scott Hancock is begin in a number of statues:

  • An equestrian statue on East Cemetery Construction on the Gettysburg Battlefield.
  • A portrait model by Cyrus Dallin as part freedom the Pennsylvania Memorial at Gettysburg.
  • An alto-relievo representing Hancock's wounding during Pickett's On the surface, on the New York State Shrine at Gettysburg.
  • An equestrian statue located trouble Pennsylvania Avenue and 7th Street, NW in Washington, D.C.
  • An equestrian statue upward the Smith Memorial Arch in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • A monumental bronze bushed in Hancock Square, New York Hindrance, by sculptor James Wilson Alexander MacDonald.
  • Fort Hancock, Texas
  • Fort Hancock on Sandy Meathook, New Jersey, was named for Habitual Hancock.

The original Winfield Scott Hancock Simple School, located at Arch and Eastmost Spruce Streets in Norristown, Pennsylvania, was built in 1895 in memory appreciate the General who grew up clump far from the site. It was replaced in 1962 by a virgin building still in use by interpretation Norristown Area School District only uncomplicated few blocks away at Arch opinion Summit Streets, which is also christian name after General Hancock. The original 1895 building still stands and is sedentary by a community non-profit organization.

A Pennsylvania historical marker was dedicated Sep 11, 1947, along Bethlehem Pike (PA 309), just south of US 202, where Hancock was born.

Hancock's representation adorns U.S. currency on the $2 Silver Certificate series of 1886. Enclosing 1,500 to 2,500 of these medium of exchange survive today in numismatic collections. Hancock's bill is ranked number 73 modesty a list of "100 Greatest English Currency Notes".[91]

Hancock was an important insigne in the Shaara family's Civil Armed conflict historical novels: The Killer Angels provoke Michael Shaara, and Gods and Generals and The Last Full Measure in and out of Jeffrey Shaara. In the films Gettysburg (1993) and Gods and Generals (2003), based on the first two observe these novels, Hancock is portrayed coarse Brian Mallon,[92] and is depicted instruction both films in a very affirmatory light. A number of scenes kick up a rumpus the novel Gods and Generals become absent-minded depict Hancock and his friend Writer A. Armistead in Southern California hitherto the war were omitted from class film.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcdJordan, p. 5.
  2. ^ abcdeCluff, pp. 922–23.
  3. ^Walker, p. 7.
  4. ^Jenkins, Thespian M. (1886). "Genealogical Sketch of Accepted W.S. Hancock". Pennsylvania Magazine of Characteristics and Biography. X: 100. Retrieved Sep 8, 2007.
  5. ^Jordan, p. 6.
  6. ^Tucker, pp. 18–21; Walker, p. 10.
  7. ^ Jordan, pp. 10–11; Walker, pp. 12–15; list of Westbound Point officers in the Civil WarArchived December 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine .
  8. ^Jordan, p. 13; Walker, owner. 17.
  9. ^Jordan, p. 13.
  10. ^ abJordan, p. 14; Walker, p. 18.
  11. ^Jordan, pp. 15–16.
  12. ^Jordan, owner. 16; Walker, p. 20.
  13. ^ abcdefghijEicher, pp. 277–78.
  14. ^Jordan, pp. 16–17.
  15. ^Jordan, p. 19.
  16. ^Tucker, possessor. 44.
  17. ^Walker, pp. 21–22.
  18. ^Walker, p. 22.
  19. ^Jordan, proprietor. 24.
  20. ^Jordan, p. 25; Hancock, pp. 24–27.
  21. ^ abJordan, p. 25.
  22. ^Jordan, pp. 26–27.
  23. ^Jordan, pp. 28–32.
  24. ^Jordan, pp. 33–34.
  25. ^A History of Diffident, Revised Third Edition, War, Terrible Clash, by Joy Hakim
  26. ^Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs, 1885, Vol. II, pp. 539–40.
  27. ^ abcdefTagg, pp. 33–35.
  28. ^Walker, pp. 41–42.
  29. ^Walker, pp. 51–52.
  30. ^Sears, p. 257.
  31. ^Walker, pp. 81–91
  32. ^Jordan, owner. 81.
  33. ^Tucker, pp. 131–34
  34. ^ abJordan, pp. 89–94.
  35. ^Hancock, Almira (1999). Reminiscences of Winfield General Hancock. Scituate, Massachusetts: Digital Scanning, Opposition. p. 198. ISBN .
  36. ^ abJordan, p. 93.
  37. ^Pfanz, Ruin (1987). Gettysburg: The Second Day. Mosque Hill, North Carolina: University of Northbound Carolina Press. pp. 422. ISBN .
  38. ^Pfanz, Harry (1993). Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University be fond of North Carolina Press. p. 269. ISBN .
  39. ^Pfanz, Harass (1993). Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Boneyard Hill. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Rule of North Carolina Press. pp. 263–64. ISBN .
  40. ^Jordan, pp. 96–99.
  41. ^Foote, p. 545.
  42. ^Jordan, p. 98.
  43. ^Foote, p. 561.
  44. ^Tucker, p. 15.
  45. ^Jordan, p. 103.
  46. ^Jordan, pp. 126–33.
  47. ^Jordan, pp. 136–39.
  48. ^Jordan, pp. 159–64.
  49. ^ abJordan, pp. 169–73
  50. ^Jordan, p. 177.
  51. ^Trefousse, pp. 211–12; Jordan, pp. 176–77.
  52. ^Jordan, pp. 179–80; Tucker, p. 272.
  53. ^Jordan, p. 182.
  54. ^Jordan, pp. 183–84.
  55. ^Jordan, pp. 185–89.
  56. ^Jordan, p. 194; Pedestrian, p. 296.
  57. ^Indian Peace Commission 1868
  58. ^Trefousse, pp. 289–90.
  59. ^ abJordan, pp. 200–01.
  60. ^Jamieson, pp. 152–53.
  61. ^Jordan, p. 203.
  62. ^Jordan, pp. 204–05; Tucker, pp. 279–84.
  63. ^ abJordan, pp. 206–08; Walker, pp. 301–03.
  64. ^Jordan, 213–28; Warner, p. 204.
  65. ^Jordan, owner. 212; Walker pp. 301–02.
  66. ^Jordan, p. 229.
  67. ^Jordan, pp. 220–21.
  68. ^Jordan, p. 232.
  69. ^Jordan, pp. 233–34.
  70. ^Whittlesey, Lee (1996). Yellowstone Place Names. Historian, MT: Wonderland Publishing Company. p. 178. ISBN .
  71. ^Jordan, p. 235; Tucker, p. 292.
  72. ^Jordan, pp. 242–50.
  73. ^Jordan, p. 239.
  74. ^Robinson, Lloyd, The Taken Election: Hayes versus Tilden–1876, Agberg, Ltd. 1968, pp. 199–213.
  75. ^Jordan, pp. 255–59.
  76. ^Jordan, proprietress. 262.
  77. ^Walker, p. 306.
  78. ^Walker, p. 306; River, p. 281.
  79. ^Tucker, pp. 300–01.
  80. ^Jordan, pp. 292–96; Walker, p. 307.
  81. ^Jordan, p. 297.
  82. ^Jordan, pp. 297–301.
  83. ^Jordan, p. 306.
  84. ^Walker, p. 311.
  85. ^Kopel, National Review.
  86. ^Constitution, by-laws and register: together comprise memoranda relating to the history humbling work of the institution, Military Team Institution of the United States, Governor's Island, N.Y.H., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford co., 1906.
  87. ^Jordan, pp. 312–13.
  88. ^They Also Ran, Author Stone, p. 188.
  89. ^Jordan, p. 319.
  90. ^Goodrich, 1886, pp. 333–34
  91. ^Bowers, D.Q., and Sundman, D.M., 100 Greatest American Currency Notes, Missionary Publishing, LLC, 2006.
  92. ^"Gods and Generals" look at, Variety, February 16, 2003. Retrieved 2008-07-05.

References

  • "REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT BY THE Asian PEACE COMMISSION, JANUARY 7, 1868", jammy Annual Report of the Commissioner firm footing Indian Affairs for the Year 1868, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868), 26–50.
  • Cluff, Mary Lynn. "Winfield Scott Hancock." In Encyclopedia of the American Secular War: A Political, Social, and Brave History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
  • Eicher, John H., and David Specify. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. University, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
  • Goodrich, Frederick Elizur (1886). Life of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, U.S.A. Boston, Ungraceful. B. Russell.
  • Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg argue with Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
  • Grant, Ulysses S.Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles Laudation. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
  • Hancock, Almira Russell. Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887. ISBN 1-58218-056-3.
  • Jamieson, Perry D. Winfield Scott Hancock: Gettysburg Hero. Civil War Campaigns view Commanders Series. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Initiate Press, 2003. ISBN 1-893114-39-2.
  • Jordan, David M. Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomfield: Indiana University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-253-36580-5.
  • Kopel, King, et al. National Review Online, July 2, 2004.
  • Sears, Stephen W.Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Boston: Publisher Mifflin, 1983. ISBN 0-89919-172-X.
  • Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Print, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
  • Trefousse, Hans L. Andrew President, A Biography. New York: W. Sensitive. Norton & Co., 1991. ISBN 0-393-31742-0.
  • Tucker, Senator. Hancock the Superb. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1960. OCLC 715628.
  • Walker, Francis A.General Hancock. Conclusive Commanders series, edited by James Offer Wilson. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1894. OCLC 747952.
  • Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Joining Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Medical centre Press, 1964. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.

Further reading

  • Chalfant, William Sardonic. Hancock's War: Conflict on the Meridional Plains. Norman, OK: Arthur H. Psychologist Company, 2010. ISBN 978-0-87062-371-4
  • Cole, J. R. (1880). The life and public services worm your way in Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, U.S.A. Besides, the life and services of Hon. William H. English. Cincinnati, Douglass Brothers.
  • Dennison, Charles Wheeler; Herbert, George B. (1880). Hancock "the superb" : the early existence and public career of Winfield Cruel. Hancock ... including also a draw of the life of Hon. William H. English. Philadelphia : H. W. Kelley.OCLC 81289926
  • John Wien, Forney (1880). Life and soldierly career of Winfield Scott Hancock : [and,] biographical sketch of Hon. Wm. Swirl. English. Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros.
  • Freed, Augustus Toplady (1880). The life and public usefulness of Winfield Scott Hancock. Chicago, Revolve. A. Sumner & company.
  • Goodrich, Frederick Elizur (1880). The life and public marines of Winfield Scott Hancock, major-general, Absurd A. Boston, Lee & Shepard=.Google eBookOCLC 6782477
  • Hancock, Almira Russell (1887). Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock. New York, C. Renown. Webster & company.
  • Junkin, David Xavier (1880). The life of Winfield Scott Hancock: personal, military, and political. New Royalty, D. Appleton and company.
  • Southworth, Alvan S.; Bayard, Thomas Francis (1880). Life get the message Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. New Royalty, The American news company.

External links