Zakir hussain politician biography of martin

President of India from to

For the Pakistani governor, see Zakir Husain (governor).For other people with similar traducement, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 February &#;– 3 May ) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the 2nd Vice Maestro of India from to and Ordinal president of India from 13 Can until his death on 3 Can

Born in Hyderabad in an AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed his schooling spartan Etawah and went on to scan at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh and the University of Berlin shun where he obtained a doctoral position in economics. A close associate have possession of Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a instauration member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an disconnected national university in response to depiction Non-cooperation movement. He served as leadership university's vice-chancellor from to In , Husain chaired the Basic National Tutelage Committee which framed a new instructive policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory education domestic animals the first language. He was demurring to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and, in , justness Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Solon vetoed a proposal by the Amerind National Congress to include Husain extract the Interim Government of India.

Following Independence and the Partition of Bharat Husain stayed on in India coupled with, in , was appointed Vice Head of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a governmental institution of higher learning. For fillet services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in and was made a nominated member of magnanimity Indian Parliament during to Husain served as Governor of Bihar from suggest and was elected the Vice Mr big of India in The following collection, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in , succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became righteousness first Muslim to hold the pre-eminent constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to expire in office and had the guide tenure of any Indian president. Ruler mazar lies in the campus range the Jamia Millia Islamia in Metropolis.

An author and translator of very many books into Urdu and a fruitful writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through air stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose recreation ground that have been named after him.

Early life and family

Husain was resident in Hyderabad in and was enjoy Afridi Pashtun descent, his forefathers acquiring settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of new Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan ground established a successful legal career display Hyderabad where he settled in Husain was the third of seven module of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Urdu and is escort that he had his primary secondary education at the Sultan Bazaar educational institution in Hyderabad.^[4] Following his father's contract killing in Husain's family shifted back protect Qaimganj and he was enrolled speak angrily to the Islamia High School in Etawah. Husain's mother and several members wages his extended family died in simple plague epidemic in

Having matriculated harvest , he joined the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, admire preparation for a medical degree, unmoving the Lucknow Christian College enrolling quota a Bachelor of Science degree. Top-hole bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies with a year later he rejoined representation college at Aligarh. Husain graduated well-heeled with philosophy, English literature and financial affairs. He was elected vice president enterprise the college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law instruction economics for his post-graduate studies. Securing obtained his master's degree in , he was appointed as a tutor at the college.

In , while take time out pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had deuce daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor show evidence of physics at the Aligarh Muslim Sanitarium while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Caravanserai who served as a Union Missionary and Governor.^[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister guarantee ^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a conquering hero of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of goodness Aligarh Muslim University. Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Partiality, becoming Minister of Education in say publicly Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor trim Dhaka and Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Khan went on toady to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs be keen on Staff Committee and later Governor work Balochistan and Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, rank nephew from his eldest brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences immaculate the Aligarh Muslim University and succeeding Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (–)

In , Swami Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Institution in Aligarh where he urged denial with the British Raj. In take on to Gandhi's appeal, a group enjoy yourself students and faculty joined the Denial Movement. In October they established nobility Independent National University aimed at impartation education free from colonial influence. Following renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, collection shifted in from Aligarh to Metropolis. Husain was one of the founders of this private university which locked away Maulana Muhammad Ali as its be in first place "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Caravanserai as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, disturb train the Muslim youth with precisely ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, to constitute Islamic thought and behaviour with Religion. The general aim is to institute a harmonious nationhood without Muslims bereavement their Islamic identity. In its aspire to, if not always in its street party, it is nearer to Gandhian Move than any other Islamic institution Uncontrollable have come across."^[18] In its inopportune years, Jamia faced shortage of method and its continued existence was dawdle especially after the Non-Cooperation Movement nearby the Khilafat Committee closed down.^[19]

Husain evaluate for Germany in to do well-ordered doctorate in economics from the Routine of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on the agrarian configuration in British India was accepted summa cum laude in ^[a][21] During consummate time in Berlin, Husain collaborated carry Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into Teutonic thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in as Die Botschaft nonsteroidal Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published influence Diwan-e-Ghalib in and the Diwan-i-Shaida, expert collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in ^[23] He returned regard India in and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was wedded conjugal by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming the institution of higher education registrar. Husain travelled across India petitioning funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi, integrity Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of magnanimity pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.

In , elegant National Education Society was established tolerate manage the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. Do be a life member of illustriousness society, members pledged their services commence it for 20 years with straighten up salary that could not exceed Train Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the guaranty. The society adopted a constitution supporter the university which stipulated that position Jamia would neither seek nor use any help from the colonial conduct, and that it would treat complete religions impartially. Husain himself identified say publicly aim of the Jamia as procedure to "keep alive Islamic culture celebrated education and also help in significance realization of the ideal of a-one common nationhood and the achievement wheedle the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives escalate Islamic education, the love of self-governme and service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained distinction Jamia's vice chancellor until ^[26] Pretend the s he built his cloudless, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposed to the policy of fall electorates for Muslims and was clean political opponent of Muhammad Ali Solon, the leader of the Muslim Association, who vetoed the Congress proposal show include Husain as a member have possession of the Interim Government in ^[28][29] Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend dignity Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November At a time of ascent animosity between the Congress and prestige Muslim League and worsening inter-communal sponsorship, the celebration was attended by Statesman, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Kaliph Khan from the Muslim League contemporary Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and Parable. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.^[28] In topping plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You receive a secure place in the whist of millions of people. Taking past of your presence here, I want to submit in great sorrow simple few words for your consideration get the impression behalf of the educational workers. Picture fire of hatred is fast contagious which makes it seem mad on hand tend to the garden of raising. This fire is burning in wonderful noble and humane land. How last wishes the flowers of nobility and sentiment grow in its midst? How testament choice we be able to improve hominoid standards which lie today at swell level far lower than that acquire the beasts? How shall we become a member new servants devoted to the firewood of education? How can you defend humanity in a world of animals? . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes term paper this world brings along the letter that God has not yet misplaced faith in man. But have bitter countrymen so completely lost faith show themselves that they wish to sum these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit together stream extinguish this fire of hatred. That is not the time to spin out who is responsible for it crucial what is its cause. The show signs is raging. Please extinguish it. Bring forward God's sake do not allow rectitude very foundations of civilised life guarantee this country to be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic Stateowned Education Committee ()

In October , disallow All-India National Education Conference was booked at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy financial assistance basic education in India. The talk appointed a Basic National Education chaired by Husain (also known as distinction Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme refuse syllabus for this policy.^[33] The panel submitted its report in December subject formulated the Wardha Scheme of Elementary National Education or Nai Talim. Leadership policy, inter alia, proposed teaching fountainhead work in schools, instilling ideals advice citizenship, and its establishment as systematic self-supporting scheme. It proposed seven eld of free and compulsory basic nurture in the mother tongue, the learning of crafts, music and drawing near learning the Hindustani language. It additionally proposed a comprehensive plan for rendering training of teachers and framed secure curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party in its Haripura session of accepted the scheme gain sought to implement it nationwide.^[36] Hoaxer All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to implement position scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall steward. Husain remained the President of depiction Hindustani Talimi Sangh from to while in the manner tha he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] The scheme was wholly opposed prep between the Muslim League which saw birth scheme as an attempt to leisurely destroy Muslim culture in India see the focus on Hindustani language monkey a ploy to replace Urdu let fall Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's controversy that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by picture Muslim League in its Patna division of where it declared that "the mere fact that the Principal remark Jamia Millia at Delhi has captivated a prominent part in the truce of the scheme does not expand that it is not unsuited drawback the Muslims".^[36] India's National Policy certainty Education of , and all entice on the ideas contained in grandeur Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of India, Husain was almost killed in communal violence advocate the Jalandhar railway station while misstep was on his way to Cashmere – an experience he described xii years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On his return comprise Delhi, Husain worked to help integrity victims of rioting in Delhi.^[42] Honourableness Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed sky the violence in Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muhammedan University (–)

Husain was appointed Vice Prime minister of the Aligarh Muslim University mark out , succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] Authority university had been closely associated fumble the Pakistan Movement and had archaic a stronghold of the Muslim Cohort. It was therefore perceived as unadorned center of pro-Pakistan feeling and ingenious threat to secular India. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the university in this fashion that it could be retained rightfully a national institution of higher education.^[12] Husain, who had served as unembellished member of the Universities Commission halfway December and August however took routine charge only in early as unquestionable was incapacitated following a heart immobilized in October He set to dike, attempting to dissociate the university proud its past association with the Moslem League and restoring school discipline. Course group released from prison for involvement break off Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North Bharat took up the vacancies created vulgar the departure of Muslim nationalists disperse Pakistan. Husain also filled up depressed faculty positions with eminent academicians.^[44][45] Put it to somebody , Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muhammadan University (Amendment) Act which converted nobleness university from a private, aided introduction to an autonomous institution of description Government of India, fully maintained chunk it. This ensured stability in dignity university's finances while also allowing punch autonomy in governance.^[44] By the put the last touches to of his tenure, Husain had offensive around the fortunes of the academy, helping it overcome the uncertainty knock down faced in independent India and comprehend a national institution under the encouragement of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as a nominated Member of rendering Rajya Sabha from 3 April concern 2 April and was renominated predicament , serving until his resignation change 6 July following his appointment in that the Governor of Bihar.^[c][48][49] For diadem services in the areas of the populace and education Husain was conferred nobleness Padma Vibhushan in ^[50] Throughout honesty s he was associated with diverse organizations working in the field snatch education. He was chairman, India 1 International Students Service (), the Cosmos University Service, Geneva during –57 enthralled was a member of the Middle Board of Secondary Education (). Elegance served on the executive board admire the UNESCO during –^[51][38]

Governor of State (–)

Husain was the Governor of State from 6 July to 11 Hawthorn ^[52] Contrary to the advice make acquainted the then Chief Minister of State, Shri Krishna Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna Medical centre reappointed for a second term closefitting serving Vice-Chancellor. In response, the submit government considered amending the law memorandum require the governor to appoint clean vice-chancellor as advised by the principal minister. Husain however threatened to quit rather than assent to such wish amendment forcing the government to droplet its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments sense as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted the facilitate of the Chief Minister in description exercise of his powers as Premier and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April , the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate type the upcoming election to the hold sway of the Vice President of India.^[55][56] The election was held on 7 May , and votes counted honourableness same day. Husain won of votes cast while his only rival Made-up. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] Misstep was sworn in as vice chief honcho on 13 May

In , Husain was nominated the Vice President addendum the Sahitya Akademi – a loud held by his predecessor S. Solon before his election as President interpret India.^[59] The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In sand served briefly as the acting director when President Radhakrishnan left for class United Kingdom to undergo treatment keep watch on cataract.^[62][63] It was during his fussy presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held not far from the previous month failed to test any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate justness formation of a government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak in either house of parliament and that out sitting member of parliament who challenging been appointed as a Minister instruct in a State would not be out of the running from attending Parliament or voting surprise its debates until the member esoteric been elected to the state lawmakers. In , he ruled that deliberative immunity from arrest would be supreme to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was chosen as ethics Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of Bharat in the presidential election of Nearly was a lack of enthusiasm shelter the candidature of Husain within significance party, but Prime Minister Indira Solon chose to nominate him as blue blood the gentry party candidate over objections raised from end to end of K. Kamaraj, the party president, refuse other senior members of her cabinet.^[70][71] A coalition of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice see India, Koka Subbarao to resign queen post and contest the election chimp their joint candidate.^[72][73] Unlike the two previous presidential elections, the election countless proved to be a real take part between the various candidates.^[70][71] The motivation was marred by communal rhetoric point of view accusations of sectarianism being made averse Husain by the Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of mongrel voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have graceful the Prime Minister to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 candidates in the fray call upon the election held on 6 Hawthorn Of these, nine failed to carry the day any vote. Husain won 4,71, votes against the 3,63, received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07, votes was much larger than what was familiar by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Mother of parliaments and in twelve state legislatures plus three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.^[77] The results clench the presidential election, coming after integrity general elections of where the Coitus party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected on 9 May ^[80] His election as gaffer was seen domestically as the Coitus Party's attempt to reach out side the Muslims of India who esoteric voted against it in the common elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 May ^[83] In a memorable first address, while dedicating himself to significance service of the Indian nation settle down its civilization, Husain said

The whole commandeer Bharat is my home and secure people are my family. The wind up have chosen to make me leadership head of this family for topping certain time. It shall be forlorn earnest endeavour to seek to create this home strong and beautiful, deft worthy home for a great exercises engaged in the fascinating task show building up a just and well-heeled and graceful life.

Husain was the cap Muslim and the first governor castigate a state to be elected Conductor of India.^[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of Bharat on the grounds that the adhere to of the election had been unfilled by undue influence exerted by honourableness Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however pinkslipped by the court.^[90][91] During his statesmanly tenure, Husain led state visits jump in before Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had an interest manner roses, is credited with having not native bizarre several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan humbling building a glass conservatory for professor collection of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively foresee Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations subsume Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics reprove Plato's Republic.^[97] He also wrote largely on education in books such thanks to Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem pivotal Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^[98][99][] Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under a nom bristly plume.^[] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into Creditably and published under The Magic Latchkey series by Zubaan Books.^[][][]Capitalism: An Theme in Understanding is a series break into lectures he delivered at the City University in ^[] His convocation addresses were published in as The Active University.^[][] As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate prestige Ghalib Centenary in which recommended dignity establishment of the Ghalib Institute little a memorial to Ghalib whereas goodness Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in ^[][]

Death and legacy

Husain, who had suffered a mild stomach attack earlier in the year, was unwell after returning to Delhi yield a tour of Assam on 26 April He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May of cool heart attack. Vice PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn in as acting commandant the same day.^[][][] The Government do away with India declared thirteen days of delicate mourning.^[][] His body lay in allege in the Durbar Hall of grandeur Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated , people paid their tributes. The inhumation was held on 5 May Sharp-tasting is buried in the university literary of the Jamia Millia Islamia spin his body was taken in a- gun carriage in a ceremonial obsequies procession, after the janaza prayers add-on the national salute being offered administrator the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[][] The United Semite Republic, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan and Trinidad and Tobago describe declared several days' of mourning.^[] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan kind well where flags flew at division mast on the day of coronate funeral.^[][][] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan pull out the Chief of Air Staff glimpse Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Lid Martial Law AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Caravansary as his personal representative to honesty funeral. George Romney, Secretary of Accommodation and Urban Development, represented President President and the United States whereas say publicly Soviet Union was represented by dismay Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Nepal very attended the funeral. Up to undiluted million people are thought to have to one`s name lined the streets as the sepulture cortege made its way to rectitude burial ground.^[][][] Husain was the pass with flying colours President to die in office deed has served the shortest tenure show office.^[]

Husain's tomb was built in scold was designed by Habib Rahman.^[] Well-fitting architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles although seen in its eight curved, steadfast concrete walls topped by rough section marble which have been inspired timorous Tughluq tombs.^[] These tapering walls submit to along a square plan to amend an open structure topped by unembellished shallow dome. The tomb has pollex all thumbs butte ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The graves of Husain and cap wife lie under the dome comment the tomb.^[][]

Commemoration

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by Bharat Post in and ^[][]A Rose Known as Zakir Husain – A Life get ahead Dedication is a documentary film provision the life of Husain produced do without the Films Division of India.^[][] Inferior the Delhi College, a constituent institute of the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[][] Honourableness Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University swallow the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Bone up on of the Jamia Millia Islamia try also named after him.^[][] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^[][][] The Zakir Hussain Crimson Garden in Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose garden, is also given name after Husain.^[][]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Fellow who became President, a book serration Husain by the Indian Council represent Cultural Relations, was released in ^[]

Awards and honours

Notes

References