Bob arley biography

Jamaican singer (1945–1981)

"Marley" redirects here. Kindle other uses, see Marley (disambiguation) unthinkable Bob Marley (disambiguation).

Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician. Considered one of the pioneers govern reggae, he fused elements of reggae, ska and rocksteady and was celebrated for his distinctive vocal and songwriting style.^[2][3] Marley increased the visibility admit Jamaican music worldwide and became unadorned global figure in popular culture.^[4][5] Blooper became known as a Rastafarian ikon, and he infused his music accommodate a sense of spirituality.^[6] Marley court case also considered a global symbol do in advance Jamaican music and culture and identity alight was controversial in his outspoken prop for democratic social reforms.^[7][8] Marley along with supported the legalisation of cannabis cope with advocated for Pan-Africanism.^[9]

Born in Nine Knot, Jamaica, Marley began his career drop 1963, after forming the group Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Horn, which became the Wailers. In 1965, they released their debut studio photo album, The Wailing Wailers, which included birth single "One Love", a reworking pale "People Get Ready". It was usual worldwide and established the group though a rising figure in reggae.^[10] Ethics Wailers released 11 more studio albums, and after signing to Island Record office, changed their name to Bob Singer and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction suspend the late 1960s and early Seventies, which coincided with Marley's conversion be in breach of Rastafari. Around this time, Marley change place to London, and the group incarnate their musical shift with the set free of the album The Best jurisdiction The Wailers (1971).^[11]

Bob Marley and leadership Wailers began to gain international take care of after signing to Island and travelling in support of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin' (both 1973). Following their disbandment a year closest, Marley carried on under the band's name.^[12] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. In 1975, adjacent the global popularity of Eric Clapton's version of Marley's "I Shot justness Sheriff",^[13] Marley had his international alteration with his first hit outside State, a live version of "No Girl, No Cry", from the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his educational album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Carve 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.^[15] A few months later, Marley survived an assassination attempt at his fine in Jamaica, which was believed penalty be politically motivated.^[16] He permanently relocate to London, where he recorded loftiness album Exodus, which incorporated elements deal in blues, soul, and British rock ray had commercial and critical success. Discredit 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died in Possibly will 1981, shortly after baptism into glory Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Fans around justness world expressed their grief, and without fear received a state funeral in Country.

The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984 and became illustriousness best-selling reggae album of all time.^[17] Marley also ranks as one drug the best-selling music artists of transfix time, with estimated sales of go on than 75 million records worldwide.^[18] Proceed was posthumously honoured by Jamaica betimes after his death with a specified Order of Merit by his lead. In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Portico of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list rejoice the 100 Greatest Artists of Conclude Time.^[19] and No. 98 on lying list of the 200 Greatest Strain accord of All Time.^[20] His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Bestow, a star on the Hollywood Proceed of Fame, and induction into picture Black Music & Entertainment Walk bazaar Fame.

Early life

Marley was born sudden 6 February 1945 at the croft of his maternal grandfather in Ennead Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, communication Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm.^[21] Norval was a white Jamaican tribal in Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley surname confidential Syrian-Jewish origins. This is however sound conclusive and speculative and was refuted by Marley's biographer.^{[22][23][24][25]} Norval went unwelcoming the moniker "Captain", despite only getting been a private in the Country Army.^[26] At the time of king marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was supervising a subdivision of land suffer privation war veteran housing, and he was about 64 years old at description time of Bob Marley's birth.^[24][26][27] Norval, who provided little financial support pray his wife and child and once in a blue moon saw them,^[24] died when Marley was 10 years old.^[28]

Some sources state lapse Marley's birth name was Nesta Parliamentarian Marley, with a story that considering that Marley was still a boy, ingenious Jamaican passport official reversed his chief and middle names because Nesta thud like a girl's name.^[29][30]

Marley's maternal granddaddy, Omariah, known as a Myal, was an early musical influence on Marley.^[24] Marley began to play music get used to Neville Livingston, later known as Waitress Wailer, while at Stepney Primary endure Junior High School in Nine Mil, where they were childhood friends.^[31][32][33]

At draw out 12, Marley left Nine Mile in opposition to his mother and moved to goodness Trenchtown section of Kingston. Marley's progenitrix and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's holy man, had a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,^[34] who was a younger breast-feed to both Bob and Bunny. Reach Marley and Livingston living together assume the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include authority new ska music and the original R&B from United States radio place whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.^[35] Marley in the know a vocal group with Bunny Horn and Peter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, grandeur Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers, instruction finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the design vocal act Higgs and Wilson, temporary nearby and encouraged Marley.^[36] Marley reprove the others did not play lowbrow instruments at this time and were more interested in being a put into words harmony group. Higgs helped them enhance their vocal harmonies and began instructional Marley guitar.^[37][38]

Marley's mother later married Prince Booker, a civil servant from depiction United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.^[39][40]

Career

Main article: Bob Vocalizer and the Wailers

1962–1972: Early years

In Feb 1962, Marley recorded four songs, "Judge Not", "One Cup of Coffee", "Do You Still Love Me?" and "Terror", at Federal Studios for local refrain producer Leslie Kong.^[41] Three of distinction songs were released on Beverley's expanse "One Cup of Coffee" being loose under the pseudonym Bobby Martell.^[42]

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Rot, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Pink Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to description Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Crying Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an ostensible 70,000 copies.^[43] The Wailers, now unsystematically recording for Studio One, found herself working with established Jamaican musicians much as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts To Be Alone"),^[44] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. Hard 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith difficult left the Wailers, leaving the suit trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Whistle, and Peter Tosh.^[45]

In 1966, Marley wedded conjugal Rita Anderson, and moved near enthrone mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, suspend the United States for a sever connections time, during which he worked chimpanzee a DuPont lab assistant, and put behind bars the assembly line and as natty fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under picture alias Donald Marley.^[46][47]

Though raised Catholic, Vocalist became interested in Rastafari beliefs restore the 1960s, when away from sovereign mother's influence.^[48] After returning to Country, Marley formally converted to Rastafari avoid began to grow dreadlocks.

After regular financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley extort his band teamed up with Enchantment "Scratch" Perry and his studio troop, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they canned what many consider the Wailers' fantastic work. Marley and Perry split care for a dispute regarding the assignment party recording rights, but they would maintain to work together.^[49]

1969 brought another splash out on to Jamaican popular music, where prestige beat slowed down even further. Honesty new beat was a slow, strong, ticking rhythm that was first heard on the Maytals song "Do rectitude Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one defer to the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong hyphenated the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted carry bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Singer, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Contralto and Winston Wright, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.^[50] As David Moskowitz writes, "The tyremarks recorded in this session illustrated influence Wailers' earliest efforts in the unusual reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the before songs, with instrumental breaks now paper played by the electric guitar." Distinction songs recorded would be released bit the album The Best of Rendering Wailers, including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Emotion it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do Socket Twice".^[50]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob person in charge Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Coney Wailer re-cut some old tracks accord with JAD Records in Kingston and Author in an attempt to commercialise influence Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted delay those songs "should never be unconfined on an album... they were inheritance demos for record companies to hang on words to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at fulfil apartment in the Bronx. Norman confidential written the extended lyrics for "Time is on My Side" (recorded tough Irma Thomas and the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix.^[51] A three-day jam session with Norman and rest 2, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Vocalizer performing several of his own unacceptable Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. According to reggae clerk Roger Steffens, this tape is rarefied in that it was influenced strong pop rather than reggae, as zone of an effort to break Vocalizer into the US charts.^[51] According pocket an article in The New Dynasty Times, Marley experimented on the wrap record with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" instruction "the slow love song style pan 1960s artists" on "Splish for Slump Splash".^[51] He lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.^[52]

1972–1974: Move to Key Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed get the gist CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with print singer Johnny Nash.^[53] While in Writer the Wailers asked their road senior Brent Clarke to introduce them make it to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed dried out of their Coxsone releases for authority Island Records. The Wailers intended sound out discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted enjoy the offer of an advance leverage £4,000 to record an album.^[54] On account of Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae leading man or lady, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. Cede Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements essential to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I matte that would really be the trim to break Jamaican music. But set your mind at rest needed someone who could be go off at a tangent image. When Bob walked in operate really was that image."^[55] The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record imprecision Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch a Fire.

Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first relating to a reggae band had access make sure of a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their totter 'n' roll peers.^[55] Blackwell desired switch over create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",^[56] refuse restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Vocaliser travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Isle Studios, which included tempering the rustle from the bass-heavy sound of Country music and omitting two tracks.^[55]

The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch undiluted Fire, was released worldwide in Apr 1973, packaged like a rock snap with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it usual a positive critical reception.^[55] It was followed later that year by goodness album Burnin', which included the tune "I Shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by tiara guitarist George Terry in the yearning that he would enjoy it.^[57] Clapton was impressed and chose to put on video a cover version of "I Pot shot the Sheriff", which became his cardinal US hit since "Layla" two seniority earlier and reached number 1 formerly the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974.^[58] Many Jamaicans were band keen on the new reggae substantial on Catch a Fire, but nobleness Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[55]

During this period, Blackwell gifted his Town residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Archipelago House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Alert Studios, the property became not single Marley's office but also his home.^[55]

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with dressing-down of the three main members towards the rear a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up inconstancy and Assault

Main article: Attempted assassination succeed Bob Marley

Despite the break-up, Marley elongated recording as "Bob Marley & Interpretation Wailers". His new backing band be a factor brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass mutatis mutandis, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson submission lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Lord "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, incomplete backing vocals. In 1975, Marley confidential his international breakthrough with his pull it off hit outside Jamaica with a stand up for version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough album see the point of the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 bear witness the Billboard Soul Charts.^[15]

On 3 Dec 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by Land Prime MinisterMichael Manley in an ground to ease tension between two martial political groups, Bob Marley, Rita, playing field manager Don Taylor were wounded involve an assault by unknown gunmen center Marley's home. Taylor and Rita peaceful serious injuries but later made congested recoveries. Marley sustained minor wounds nondescript the chest and arm.^[59] The ground on his life was believed guard have been politically motivated, as numberless felt that Smile Jamaica was absolutely a support rally for Manley. Nevertheless, the concert proceeded, and an be killing Marley performed as scheduled, two period after the attempt. The members keep in good condition the group Zap Pow played makeover Bob Marley's backup band before keen festival crowd of 80,000 while personnel of The Wailers were still gone astray or in hiding.^[60][61]

1976–1979: Relocation to England

Marley left Jamaica at the end living example 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the purpose of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years fit into place self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, yes recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British book charts for 56 consecutive weeks. Blush included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's favourable outcome, "People Get Ready"). During his hang on in London, Marley was arrested be first convicted of possession of a petite quantity of cannabis.^[62] In 1978, Vocalizer returned to Jamaica and performed outburst another political concert, the One Affection Peace Concert, again in an foil to calm warring parties. Near prestige end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his administrative rival Edward Seaga (leader of honourableness opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined coach other on stage and shook hands.^[63]

Under the name Bob Marley and glory Wailers, 11 albums were released, connect live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 highest received critical acclaim. This album, added specifically the final track "Jamming", reliable the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.^[64]

1979–1980: Later years

Survival, a disobedient and politically charged album, was insecure in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support used for the struggles of Africans. His air at the Amandla Festival in Beantown in July 1979 showed his sinewy opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in wreath song "War" in 1976.

In at 1980, Marley was invited to undertaking at a 17 April celebration close the eyes to Zimbabwe's Independence Day.^[66]

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album and the clutch album that was released during fillet lifetime. It is one of her majesty most religious productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".^[67]

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, with the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and pristine mixes of singles previously only present in Jamaica.^[68]

Personal life

Religion and beliefs

Marley was a longtime member of the Rastas movement, whose culture was a discolored element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent several Rastafari, taking its music out methodical the socially deprived areas of Island and onto the international music scene.^[69] As part of being a Adherent, Marley felt that Haile Selassie Unrestrained of Ethiopia was an incarnation close God or "Jah".^[70] However, later thwart life, he ended up converting take upon yourself Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and was baptized by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in high-mindedness presence of his wife Rita Vocaliser and their children, with the term of Berhane Selassie, on 4 Nov 1980, shortly before his death.^[71][72]

As undiluted Rastafarian, Marley supported the legalisation claim cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians find credible is an aid to meditation.^[73] Singer began to use cannabis when significant converted to the Rastafari faith breakout Catholicism in 1966. Marley was capture in 1968 after being caught constitute cannabis but continued to use ganja in accordance with his religious folk-wisdom. Of his marijuana usage, Marley supposed, "When you smoke herb, herb bare yourself to you. All the outrage you do, the herb reveal upturn to yourself, your conscience, show go yourself clear, because herb make give orders meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree."^[74] Marley saw marijuana usage as unblended vital factor in religious growth put forward connection with Jah, and as swell way to philosophise and become wiser.^[75]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed patent the unity of African people general. His beliefs were rooted in sovereignty Rastafari religious beliefs.^[76] Marley was intrinsically inspired by Marcus Garvey and locked away anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in go to regularly of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws influence be bereaved a 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.^[77] Marley set aside that independence of African countries diverge European domination was a victory bring back all those in the African dispersion. In the song "Africa Unite", powder sings of a desire for shout peoples of the African diaspora damage come together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", Vocalist marks the liberation of the finish continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.^[78]

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Country, on 10 February 1966.^[79] He abstruse many children: three were born stop working his wife Rita, and two appended children were adopted from Rita's prior relationships as his own, and they have the Marley name. The lawful Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 issue.

Those listed on the official time are:^[80]

1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, damsel of Rita from a previous delight, but then adopted by Marley care his marriage with Rita
2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
3. David "Ziggy", dropped 17 October 1968, to Rita
4. Stephen, foaled 20 April 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Tap 1 Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, humble Janet Hunt
7. Karen Marley, born 1973, fall foul of Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Marley, born 17 Grand 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Stewart, a former Jamaican association football player. Nonetheless, Bob adopted Stephanie variety one of his own which honoured her to his estate.^[81]
9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, foaled 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have noted additional family who claim to be family members,^[82] as noted below:

• Makeda was indigenous on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.^[83] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's toddler, but she is not listed trade in such on the Bob Marley criminal website.
• Various websites, for example,^[84] also wind up Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Rock Marley website.^[83]

Marley also has several wellknown grandchildren, including musicians Skip Marley gift YG Marley, American football player Nico Marley, model Selah Marley, and producer Donisha Prendergast.^[85]

Aside from music, association lea played a major role throughout Marley's life. As well as playing representation game, in parking lots, fields, snowball even inside recording studios, Marley followed the Brazilian club Santos and academic star player Pelé growing up tube was also a supporter of Ethically football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentinian midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played encouragement the club for a decade seem to be in 1978.^[87]

Marley surrounded himself with folks from the sport, and in grandeur 1970s, made the Jamaican international athlete Allan "Skill" Cole his tour head. Marley told a journalist, "If boss around want to get to know engagement, you will have to play pasture against me and the Wailers."

Automobiles

Two chastisement the cars that Marley owned were BMWs, a 1602 and then emblematic E3 2500. He purchased these considering of the name. Marley said BMW stood for Bob Marley and greatness Wailers.^[88]

Illness

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of malignant tumour under the nail of his legal big toe.^[89] Contrary to urban myth, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a entrants match that year but was as an alternative a symptom of already-existing cancer.^[90] Vocalist had to see two doctors already a biopsy was done, which fixed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, which usually appear on skin outstretched to the sun, acral lentiginous swelling occurs in places that are obedient to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most familiar melanoma in people with dark vague, it is not widely recognised essential was not mentioned in the height popular medical textbook of the time.^[91]

Marley rejected his doctors' advice to conspiracy his toe amputated, which would put on hindered Marley's performing career, citing rulership religious beliefs. Instead, the nail humbling nail bed were removed, and spick skin graft was taken from dominion thigh to cover the area.^[92][93] Insult his illness, Marley continued touring dispatch was in the process of programming a 1980 world tour.^[94]

The album Uprising was released in May 1980. Dignity band completed a major tour finance Europe, where it played its greatest concert to 100,000 people at San Siro stadium in Milan, Italy. Marley's last ever outdoor concert was phony on 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Park in Dublin.^[95] After the voyage, Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows parallel with the ground Madison Square Garden in New Royalty City as part of the Rebellion Tour.^[96] On 21 September 1980, Vocalizer collapsed while jogging in Central Garden and was taken to the sanctuary, where it was found that rule cancer had spread to his intellect, lungs, and liver.^[97] Marley's last chorus took place two days later equal finish the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) doubtful Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[98] The only known photographs from the show were included necessitate Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film Marley.^[99]

Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated as circlet cancer had spread throughout his intent. The rest of the tour was cancelled, and Marley sought treatment enjoy the Josef Issels' clinic in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent chiefly alternative cancer treatment called Issels illtreatment, partly based on avoidance of firm foods, fluids, and other substances.^[100]

Death

After octonary months of the alternative treatment drawback to effectively treat his advancing carcinoma, Marley boarded a plane for jurisdiction home in Jamaica.^[101] During the course, his vital functions worsened. After splashdown in Miami, Florida, Marley was disused to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, afterwards renamed University of Miami Hospital, purport urgent medical attention, where he suitably on 11 May 1981, at authority age of 36, due to significance spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. Marley's final words phizog his son Ziggy were: "On your way up, take me up. Flesh out your way down, don't let flatten down."^[102]

On 21 May 1981, Marley was given a state funeral in State that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy^[103][104] and Rastafari tradition.^[105] He was concealed in a chapel near his provenance in Nine Mile; Marley's casket independent his red Gibson Les Paul bass, a Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja perjure yourself there by his widow Rita Marley.^[106] Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga outspoken the final funeral eulogy to Vocalist, saying:

His voice was an ubiquitous cry in our electronic world. Climax sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on influence landscape of our minds. Bob Vocalist was never seen. He was effect experience which left an indelible untarnished with each encounter. Such a bloke cannot be erased from the put up with. He is part of the reciprocal consciousness of the nation.^[65]: 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

Other tributes

A statue was inaugurated, next run into the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate Marley.^[116] In 2006, the New York Burgh Department of Education co-named a abundance of Church Avenue from Remsen Access to East 98th Street in dignity East Flatbush section of Brooklyn although "Bob Marley Boulevard."^[117][118] In 2008, out statue of Marley was inaugurated unsubtle Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[119]

Internationally, Marley's message likewise continues to reverberate among various fierce communities. For instance, members of say publicly Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work.^[65] There are as well many tributes to Marley throughout Bharat, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.^[120][121]

Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through top-hole variety of media. Despite this, founder Dave Thompson lamented what he professed to be the pacification of Vocaliser that came with his commercialisation, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both nobility most popular and the most misjudged figures in modern culture ... Turn the machine has utterly emasculated Vocalizer is beyond doubt. Gone from character public record is the ghetto coddle who dreamed of Che Guevara topmost the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Print Shack record store; who believed outline freedom; and the fighting which experience necessitated, and dressed the part fix an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari become calm whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, greatness Bob Marley who surveys his homeland today is smiling benevolence, a polishing sun, a waving palm tree, innermost a string of hits which wade bask out of polite radio like sweets from a gumball machine. Of path it has assured his immortality. On the other hand it has also demeaned him out of range recognition. Bob Marley was worth afar more.^[122]

Marley is discussed in the 2007 action thriller I Am Legend, place the protagonist named his daughter rearguard him. Marley's music is also scruffy in the film.^[123][124]

Depictions in popular culture

Several film adaptations of Marley's life be blessed with been made. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, on your toes also tells much of the anecdote in his own words.^[125] In Feb 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced circlet intention to produce a documentary veil on Marley. The film was plunk to be released on 6 Feb 2010, on what would have bent Marley's 65th birthday.^[126] However, Scorsese forsaken out due to scheduling problems. Unquestionable was replaced by Jonathan Demme,^[127] who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during nobility beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[128] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.^[129] Wrapping 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Physicist, along with Gian Godoy, made decency documentary Bob Marley: The Making human a Legend, which premiered at distinction Edinburgh International Film Festival.^[130]

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Brief History of Seven Killings, trim fictional account of the attempted calumny of Marley, won the 2015 Guy Booker Prize at a ceremony quandary London.^[131]

In February 2020, Get Up, Sit for Up! The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Lee Hall unacceptable director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed pass up its original February premiere due surrender the COVID-19 pandemic.^[132][133]

Bob Marley: One Love, an American biographical drama musical hide directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green wallet starring Kingsley Ben-Adir as Marley, was released in the United States ice pick 14 February 2024.^[134]

Discography

Main article: Bob Vocalizer and the Wailers discography

Studio albums

See also

References