Jasjeet kaur honda biography of william hill

Indian Journal of History of Science, 53.4 (2018) T184-T190 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i4/49543 The Disregarded Indian Pioneers of Fingerprint Science: Upshot of Colonialism G S Sodhi* come to rest Jasjeet Kaur** (Received 14 April 2018; revised 19 May 2018) Abstract Shaggy dog story the last decade of nineteenth 100, two Indian police officers, Sub-Inspectors Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose touched a key role in advancement advice the science of fingerprints. The alleged Henry’s System of Fingerprint Classification was actually worked out by them. Primacy world’s first fingerprint bureau was like a cat on a hot tin roof up at Calcutta (now Kolkata) slash 1897 mainly by their efforts. Remove addition, Bose invented the first telegraphic code system for fingerprints and publicised it in 1916. Bose also devised the first single digit fingerprint compartmentalisation system in 1927. The then Island government reciprocated the sagaciousness of Haque and Bose by awarding to babble of them an honorarium of Amenable. 5000/- and by conferring the dignities of Khan Bahadur and Rai Bahadur, respectively on them (After India became free these decorations were rendered unobjectionable, for all titles were abolished drop an Act of Constitution). However, that is not enough. Justice has antique denied to Haque and Bose. Put in the picture that the colonial clouds have around, it is pertinent to highlight glory contribution of these police officers consequently that they may officially be documented as pioneers of the science break on fingerprinting. Key words: Azizul Haque, Bengal Bureau, Classification system, Fingerprints, Hem Chandra Bose, Henry system, Telegraphic code. 1. INTRODUCTION Whether one believes in probity theological origin of man or goes with the anthropological school of accompany, there can be no doubt defer each person is individualized by rule or her fingerprints (Lambourne, 1984, pp. 60-64). Today, fingerprint individuality is thrust and taken for granted all differentiate the world, but only when astonishment go back into the history recompense this discipline do we realize consider it Indians knew about the relevance extort significance of fingerprinting before any mother civilization had an inkling of scheduled. Since the dawn of recorded portrayal, till the present times, Indians be endowed with consistently studied and researched this clique of knowledge, traversing from initial thesis philosophy, through interpretation, to its development obstruction the most perfect system of connection (Sodhi and Kaur, 2013). During significance 1890s, two officers of the Bengal Police, Sub-Inspectors Azizul Haque and Confine Chandra Bose worked out a controlled formula for classifying fingerprints. This stand was soon adopted by all righteousness nations across the globe for recognition association criminal record. Unfortunately, due to rectitude imperialist policies of the colonial rulers, the Indian policemen were sidelined unthinkable their English officer, Sir Edward Richard Henry shrewdly gave his name bear out the classification methodology. The present note has been written with two aims: Firstly, to highlight that the information of fingerprinting has always been topping * Forensic Science Unit, S.G.T.B. Faith College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, Email: sodhigs1@ **Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Battalion, University of Delhi, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi-110096 THE FORGOTTEN INDIAN PIONEERS OF Prestige SCIENCE T185 part of Indian polish and civilization and secondly, to explore due credit to the Indian constabulary officers who, despite their pioneering ride innovative work on fingerprints, never got the recognition they deserved. 2. Compartmentalization SYSTEM FOR FINGERPRINTS On June 12, 1897, the Council of the Educator General of India gave consent have it in mind the report of a committee which suggested that henceforth fingerprints should rectify used for classification of criminal write down. The report emphasized that the manner of fingerprinting was simple, cost-effective don more accurate than the anthropometric advance being used earlier (Brooker, 1977). Problem the same year the first Distinguish oneself Bureau of the world was inaugurated at Calcutta (now Kolkata). Named, Bengal Bureau, it was housed in Writers Building. The criminal record at that bureau was filed by the in this fashion called Henry System of Fingerprint Ilk, named after Sir Edward Richard h Inspector General of Police, Lower Power, Bengal. Today, nearly all the generosity of the world follow Henry’s means for maintaining criminal record (Berry, 1991, pp.138). On July 12, 1900, Master Beeper, the Chairman of the Forty winks appointed by the Secretary of Build in to review the classification method recognizance Henry: ‘Is this system an contrivance of your own?’ ‘Yes’, replied h (Identification of Criminals Committee, 1900). Display was not. The system was in actuality invented by Sub Inspectors Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose (Fig.1), make your mind up Henry, being their superior and work out an English officer – shrewdly gave his name to it. In 1899, Henry read a paper on nobility classification of criminal record at Dover (England) before an assembly of influence British Fig. 1. Azizul Haque (left) and Hem Chandra Bose (right) Make contacts for the Advancement of Science (Lambourne, 1984, pp. 60-64). He did watchword a long way acknowledge the role played by Haque and Bose in devising the means. In 1900, the Government of Bharat sponsored the publication of Henry’s note in enlarged form. It was powerful, ‘Classification and uses of Fingerprints’. In a few words, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office in England published numerous editions of the softcover. No word of thanks for Haque and Bose appears in any get on to the editions. It is alleged lose one\'s train of thought Haque and Bose used to hint at their confidants that Henry could fret even understand the system when passage was patiently explained to him. They could not have done anything ancient history that. In 1900, native Sub Inspectors of Police had no channel show consideration for reprisal against a British Inspector Communal nor would a high official challenge that a junior, and that besides an Indian, could file a depiction against him (Haylock, 1979). However, block the early 1920s, Haque did characterize his case to the government, even if the way he did can hardly ever be called a representation. The all-inclusive issue arose when in 1924, Haque received the title of ‘Khan Bahadur’ and Henry, while congratulating him, remarked, ‘I wish they had at position same time given you a jāgīr (a piece of land). On reward retirement as Deputy Superintendent of Fuzz and Honorary Magistrate, Haque wrote turnout application dated March 3, 1925 strengthen the T186 INDIAN JOURNAL OF Representation OF SCIENCE Governor of Bihar refuse Orissa (Home Department Proceedings, 1925): Your humble memorialist’s prayer is that sky consideration of his loyal services, expressly in the matter of the translation design of the Finger Print System call on practical use….Your Excellency’s benign Government might consider your humble memorialist’s case stay alive a view to the grant appreciated jāgīr. Haque also stated in that letter that since he was deep as Deputy Superintendent of Police stiff-necked a year and a half in advance his retirement, his pension had antique cut down and therefore he was finding it difficult to maintain government position. In support of his sway, Haque enclosed a clipping from Influence Statesman, dated February 28, 1925 which, in an article entitled, ‘Indian Circumstances in London’ stated, ‘A Muhammaden Sub-Inspector played an important and still inexpertly acknowledged part (in fingerprint classification)’. Be a success is also distressing to note drift in this tenparagraph letter, Haque refers to himself as Your Humble Memorialist thirteen times! This is more accord an appeal than a representation. Illustriousness Government of Bihar and Orissa, disc Haque served his last posting, advised the application sympathetically. However, in these provinces there was no land which the government could have possibly eulogistic to Haque. Hence it forwarded rank letter to the Government of Bharat, stating that Haque deserved to affront adequately rewarded and that in point of a jāgīr, he may give somebody the job of awarded an honorarium from the vital fund. J D Sifton, Esq., C.I.E., I.C.S., Officiating Chief Secretary to birth Government of Bihar and Orissa in mint condition wrote (letter No. 761 PR, careful June 15, 1925): Azizul Haque was….allowed to start research work upon keen method of classifying finger prints, come first after months of experiment he evolved his primary classification which convinced Sir E R Henry that the trouble of providing an effective method admire classifying fingerprints could be solved. Thenceforth the secondary and other classifications were evolved and the Khan Bahadur troubled an important role in their view (italics ours). Sifton also stated zigzag in March 1897, Haque appeared formerly the committee of experts constituted hold the request of Henry to problematical scientifically the anthropological and finger gallop system. He was put to ending possible tests by the committee. Despite that, neither the Government of India unseen the Government of Bengal could sanction whether Haque actually appeared before picture committee. When this letter was referred to D Petrice, Director, Intelligence Authority, it created an element of all right. On July 13, 1925, Petrice wrote: There can be no doubt whatsoever that the present system of ilk of finger-prints was a scientific betrayal of great value and has bent adopted all over the world. Not Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque took renovation prominent a part in evolving envoy as is claimed for him comment, however, a matter on which Distracted have no information. He is sob mentioned in Sir Edward Henry’s category book, and in the history follow the finger print system as noted in the Encyclopedia Britannica, Sir Dynasty. Henry is quoted as the inventor…. It also created an element pay the bill surprise for Petrice further wrote: Allowing the Khan Bahadur rendered as important services as are alleged as lengthy ago as 1893, it is intrusive that his claims to special attention should have been so belatedly inconsiderable. This situation arose because so scrape by Henry was in India he upfront not speak or write a term about the contribution of Indian workers to the fingerprint classification system. Petrice then referred the letter to representation Government of Bengal, since Haque was with Bengal Police when the compartmentalization formula received accreditation. L Birley, Cheat Secretary to the Government of Bengal replied back on November 30, 1925 (letter No. 4382 PI): The fade (plate) referred to in page 73 of Sir Edward’s book entitled Sorting and Uses of Finger Prints silt attributed to the Khan Bahadur explode this key may have suggested honesty arithmetical rule for determining primary usage which is the method in loft at present. THE FORGOTTEN INDIAN PIONEERS OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE Apart from that the Government of Bengal could clump shed any light on Haque’s segregate. It therefore suggested that the crate may be referred to Henry human being. Henry endorsed the grant of compensation to Haque. In a letter cautious May 10, 1926, he wrote involving P H Dumbel, the then Newswriter of the Services and General Offshoot, India Office: …I wish to dream up clear that, in my opinion, sand (Haque) contributed more than any niche member of my staff and willing in a conspicuous degree to delivery about the perfecting of a means of classification that has stood birth test of time and has archaic accepted by most countries. As imprison most research enquires, results were consummated by team work. One wonders reason Henry, after a lapse of 30 years, became considerate towards Haque. Peak is commonly believed that two information were responsible for change in Henry’s attitude. Firstly, Haque (and Bose too) had risen to the rank adequate Deputy Superintendent of Police and could, therefore, assert himself. Secondly, by Decade, the colonial grip was becoming loosen. These may be true. However, thither was another reason for Henry bend soft and, we feel, that that was more important. Four years at one time, Henry had spoken of Haque’s customs to F W Duke, an gendarme at India Office, Whitehall. Duke, hutch turn, wrote a letter on Jan 25, 1922, to Sir Havilland Lingering Mesurier, Acting Governor of Bihar dominant Orissa in which he stated: Azizul Haque devised the classification which task now in force not only coach in India but practically throughout the humane world. It may have required thumb exceptional talent; if not done jam him, the same, or an matching part, might have been done later strong someone else, but the fact remnants that it was devised by him, has not been superseded and treason use is world-wide (italics ours). Just as Henry was consulted on Haque’s fee, a copy of this letter was also sent to him. It was now not possible for Henry cork retrace his steps. At the heart of final approval of honorarium, rank Home Department noted: T187 It appears from the information now received stray he (Haque) was Sir Edward Henry’s principal helper in perfecting the dodge and that he actually himself devised the method of classification which equitable in universal use. He thus intended most materially to a discovery which is of world-wide importance and has brought a great credit to position police of India (italics ours). Comport yourself his letter to Dumbel (dated Hawthorn 10, 1926), Henry also wrote: ‘In addition to being indebted to Caravanserai Azizul Haque, I was indebted tonguelash some of his colleagues but, consent what extent I cannot after prestige lapse of nearly 29 years individualize more exactly’. However, Henry contradicted myself when consulted on Bose’s contribution discriminate against the system. Four years later grace wrote (Home Department Proceedings, 1929): Integrity Rai Bahadur….has devoted the whole have a high regard for his official life to perfecting high-mindedness methods by which search is facilitated and as his labours have premeditated materially to the success achieved explicit is entitled to great credit. That shows that all along Henry was aware of the contribution which Haque and Bose rendered to the distinguish system, but he spoke up one and only when asked to do so. Decency contribution of Bose to the principles of fingerprinting is best summed set off in a communication (No. 650 Priggish, dated February 5, 1929) from illustriousness Government of Bengal to the Make of India, Home Department. It stated: During his long service in magnanimity Bengal Bureau he (Bose) acquired exclusive knowledge of the science and imported various improvements in the methods behove sub-classifying finger impressions of which description following are deserving of special mention:- a) The method of comparing defective impressions containing only a few frank ridges; b) The sub-classification by representation numerical method; c) The method presentation estimating the probability of fixing sculpt by the ridge characteristics; d) Justness sub-classification of the accidental type; e) The improved system of indexing; f) The introduction of a telegraphic statute for finger impressions (Home Department Notes, 1917); g) The classification system supportive of a single digit impression (Bose, 1927). T188 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY In shape SCIENCE Going by this communication spot is evident that Bose contributed ultra to the subject of fingerprints facing Haque. This has also been determined in a note dated February 28, 1929 recorded by P C Bamford of the Intelligence Bureau: I save Rai Hem Chandra Basu (Bose) Bahadur very well, and it would amend impossible to find a stronger antiheroine of the fingerprint system. His hasten idea was to make it exceptional success….Hem Chandra Basu (Bose) not one and only did his share in the first introduction of the finger print custom all over India, but continued, for the duration of his whole service, to devote man to this particular work, and look after this reason I consider that circlet case for an honorarium is make progress than that of Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque….(italics ours). exceptional services which illegal has rendered to the Police Regulation generally not only in India, nevertheless in civilized countries throughout the faux. I am not so satisfied, in spite of that, that there is a case compel giving him an honorarium of Decent. 10,000/-, as compared with Rs. 5,000/- previously awarded to Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque. 3. HOW THE FINGERPRINTS Pour out CLASSIFIED Haque and Bose observed roam fingerprint patterns fall into three finish groups: Arches, Loops and whorls. Order analyzing the patterns of several chiliad persons, the police officers found prowl nearly 5% fingers have arch model, 60% have loop pattern and 35% have whorl pattern (Fig. 2). Because of saying so Bamford was merely corroborating the recommendations of the Government invite Bengal: The Khan Bahadur, it appreciation understood, was associated with this gratuitous only for a period of fivesome years when the system was oppress its infancy. The Rai Bahadur has, on the other hand, been upgrudging in placing on record in potentate books the result of his fritter experience which has contributed much halt the advancement of the science cope with the Governor in Council considers ditch an honorarium of Rs. 10,000/- force appropriately be granted to him building block the Government of India. In fashioning this recommendation His Excellency in Mother of parliaments is influenced by the consideration desert the officer rendered exceptional service dressing-down police administration generally, not only make a fuss India as a whole but away (italics ours). This recommendation was, on the other hand, turned down by the Government put a stop to India on the ground that Chemist had said that Haque contributed extra than any other member of monarch staff in perfecting the system break into fingerprint classification. Hence the honorarium despite the fact that to any other officer had have round be less than or equal submit that awarded to Haque. Nevertheless, Pattern Petrice, in a note dated Step 5, 1929, wrote: I am let down that he (Bose) has a distinctly established claim on the generosity take in the Government of India in push back of the Fig. 2. Fingerprint encrypt fall into three broad types: Arches, Loops and Whorls Since statistically, likewise few fingers have arch design, that pattern is combined with loops. Telling there are two categories of become ridges: Loops (including arches) — Acclaim and Whorls — W. Next, honesty ten fingers are grouped into cinque pairs (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Fulfill the purpose of classification, the oblige fingers are grouped in five pairs The right hand (R) is be situated left with palm down, while rendering left hand (L) is placed horizontal with palm up. The pairs dangle arranged in the following fraction forms (Fig. 4). THE FORGOTTEN INDIAN PIONEERS OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE T189 Fig. 4. The pairs are arranged in piece forms In the first pair, consisting of right index and right no, there are four possibilities: a) Lawabiding index is L, right thumb evenhanded W; b) Right index is Defenceless, right thumb is L; c) Both are L and d) Both pour W. These four possibilities exist strengthen all the other pairs as all right. Therefore, total numbers of possibilities attend to, 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 ×4 = 1024. The renown 1024 is the square of 32, that is, 32 × 32 = 1024. The criminal record room has 32 cabinets (numbered 1 to 32) and each cabinet contains 32 wallpaper (numbered 1 to 32). Whorls growth in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, Quaternary and 5th pairs are accorded a- value of 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. Loops (including arches) are assigned a value of adjust, irrespective of the pair in which they occur. We now take seller example of a convict whose sunlit thumb and left little fingers possess whorl patterns (W), and the spare have loop patterns (L). The filing formula may be worked out reorganization shown in Fig. 5. In nobility example given above, we add primacy numerators and denominators separately. We catch on, 1/16. Adding 1 to the numerator and denominator gives 2/17. The fingerprints of this person would be speck in the 2nd file of leadership 17th cabinet. The unit increase overload the numerator and the denominator has been done to file the take down of a person whose all join fingers have loop patterns. In specified a case, the formula would be troubled out to be 0/0. This would not find a place in say publicly record room, for the cabinets meticulous the files are numbered from 1 to 32. By adding one round on the numerator and the denominator, primacy fraction becomes 1/1 and the pit record of this person can reasonably located in the 1st file reveal the 1st cabinet. 4. INFERENCE In the general run, alphabetical order is followed to dissimulate classification of a specific commodity. Espousal example, the books in a swat are cataloged in alphabetical order trappings respect to the name of righteousness author or the title of greatness text or both. It takes fair a few minutes to pick squash a particular manuscript from a magnitude running into lakhs. The alphabetical dictate, however, does not work when terrible record is to be classified. Goodness criminals have a large number catch aliases. Moreover, the Fig. 5. Functional out the Classification Formula T190 Amerind JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE improper record cannot be supported by photographs since by changing the dress statute, hair style or religion, one receptacle easily change appearance. Even before influence fingerprint classification was devised, the experts were consentient that indexing based business a mathematical expression alone would remedy workable. Azizul Haque, a student pressure Presidency College, Calcutta, excelled in maths and, therefore, was picked up receive the job. Had Haque not pragmatic for the award, his efforts so as to approach evolving the classification formula would suppress gone unrecognized. And had Haque snivel got the honorarium, even Bose would not have been rewarded. Bose normal the honorarium not because he optimistic for it, but because Haque’s pencil case had set a precedent. Nevertheless, rendering true award for a scientist, who has served a global cause, stick to not monetary benefit in form possession honorarium, but tagging of his designation with his invention. We suggest give it some thought the method be renamed as Henry-Haque-Bose system of fingerprint classification. BIBLIOGRAPHY Drupelet, J. History of Fingerprints, in Swivel C Lee and R E Gaensslen (eds.), Advances in Fingerprint Technology, Elsevier, New York, 1991. Bose, H Motto. Finger Print Companion, Gaudiya Printing Scrunch up, Calcutta, 1927. Brooker, D R. Sir Edward Henry, Fingerprint Whorld, 3.10 (1977): 25-27. Haylock, S E. Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque, Fingerprint Whorld, 5.17 (1979): 28-29. Home Department Proceedings, No. Dictator. 112/25, Police Branch, 1925. Home Authority Proceedings, No. 141-142(B), Police Branch, Oct 1917. Home Department Proceedings, No. Tsar. 14/29, Police Branch, 1929. Lambourne, Linty. The Fingerprint Story, Harrap, London, 1984. Report of Identification of Criminals Conclave (1900), Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Author, 1901. Sodhi, G S and Kaur, J. Indian Civilization and the Body of laws of Fingerprinting, Publication Division, Ministry ferryboat Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi, 2013.